Central and peripheral nervous system involvement by COVID-19: a systematic review of the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, neuropathology, neuroimaging, electrophysiology, and cerebrospinal fluid findings

Table 4 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings in patients with COVID-19 and different neurological conditions

Clinical manifestation	N° patients	Proteins (mg/dL)		Cells (cells/μL)		SARS-CoV-2 PCR
Clinical manifestation	N° patients	Average	Range	Average	Range	Positive	Negative	N/M
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with central nervous system involvement by SARS-CoV-2
Encephalopathy	13	67·3	0 to 230	9·8	0 to 37	0	9	4
Encephalitis	7	83·1	19 to 200	40.6	0 to 115	2	5	0
Demyelinating lesions in brain and spine	4	47	32 to 62	1	1	1	1	2
Meningoencephalitis	3	463·5	461 to 466	17.3	0 to 21	1	2	0
Stroke	3	50	50	0	0	0	2	1
Seizures	3	66	66	3	1 to 5	0	3	0
Brain vasculopathies	2	292·5	78 to 507	6.5	0 to 13	0	2	0
Rhombencephalitis	1	42·3	42.3	0	0	0	0	1
Maniac episode	1	190	190	0	0	0	1	0
Total	37					4	25	8
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in patients with peripheral nervous system involvement by SARS-CoV-2
Guillain-Barré syndrome	17	105·9	40 to 193	2.4	0 to 9	0	11	6
Miller-Fisher syndrome	2	75	62 to 80	2.5	0 to 5	0	1	1
Polineuritis cranealis	1	62	62	2	2	0	1	0
Facial palsy	2	44	44	0	0	0	2	0
Total	22					0	15	7

ISSN: 1471-2334