Table 2 Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Findings of COVID-19 according to HScore (≤98 as sHLH negative, ≥169 as sHLH positive, 98–169 as uncertain)

outcome

 Survivor, n(%)

182(65.23)

0(0.00)

13(14.77)

 Non-survivor, n(%)

97(34.77)

41(100.00)

75(85.23)

 Total

279(100.00)

41(100.00)

88(100.00)

Gender, Male/Female, n(%)

153(54.84)/ 126(45.16)

27(65.85)/14(34.15)

60(68.18)/28(31.82)

Age, years, Mean (SD)

63.00(52.00,72.00)

63.00(52.00,71.00)

65.00(57.00,72.00)

age, years, n(%)

 <40

17(6.09)

3(7.32)

3(3.41)

 40–60

101(36.20)

11(26.83)

25(28.41)

  ≥ 60

161(57.71)

27(65.85)

60(68.18)

ARDS, n(%)

150(53.76)/129(46.24)^a

34(85.00)/6(15.00); 1

68(80.95)/16(19.05); 4

DIC, n(%)

6(2.17)/ 271(97.83); 2

4(10.53)/34(89.47);3

10(12.66)/69(87.34); 9

Liver, n(%)

36(13.00)/241(87.00); 2

12(31.58)/26(68.42); 3

30(37.97)/49(62.03); 9

Heart, n(%)

50(18.05)/227(81.95); 2

17(44.74)/21(55.26); 3

35(44.30)/44(55.70); 9

Kidney, n(%)

17(6.14)/260(93.86); 2

16(42.11)/22(57.89); 3

26(32.91)/53(67.09); 9

Shock, n(%)

31(11.19)/246(88.81); 2

20(52.63)/18(47.37); 3

34(43.04)/45(56.96); 9

Smoking history, n(%)

14(5.04)/264(94.96); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

4(4.60)/83(95.40); 1

Alcohol history, n(%)

16(5.76)/262(94.24); 1

1(2.44)/40(97.56)

4(4.60)/83(95.40); 1

 Diabetes,n(%), n(%)

50(17.99)/228(82.01); 1

9(21.95)/32(78.05)

20(22.73)/68(77.27)

 Hypertension, n(%)

97(34.89)/181(65.11); 1

11(26.83)/30(73.17)

38(43.18)/50(56.82)

 Chronic heart failure, n(%)

29(10.43)/249(89.57); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

7(7.95)/81(92.05)

 COPD, n(%)

5(1.80)/273(98.20); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

6(6.82)/82(93.18)

 Stroke, n(%)

18(6.47)/260(93.53); 1

0(0.00)/41(100.00)

8(9.09)/80(90.91)

 Tumor, n(%)

11(3.96)/267(96.04); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

5(5.68)/83(94.32)

 Chronic liver disease, n(%)

6(2.16)/272(97.84); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

6(6.82)/82(93.18)

 Chronic kidey disease, n(%)

7(2.52)/271(97.48); 1

2(4.88)/39(95.12)

2(2.27)/86(97.73)

 Hepatitis B,n(%)

11(3.94)/268(96.06)

3(7.32)/38(92.68)

1(1.15)/86(98.85); 1

 HIV, n(%)

0(0.00)/279(100.00)

0(0.00)/41(100.00)

0(0.00)/87(100.00); 1

 Autoimmue disease, n(%)

7(2.52)/271(97.48); 1

3(7.32)/38(92.68)

6(6.82)/82(93.18)

Respiratory support, n(%)

 Intranasal oxygen inhalation

129(47.43)

3(8.11)

13(16.46)

 Mask oxygen Inhalation

16(5.88)

1(2.70)

1(1.27)

  High Flow

48(17.65)

3(8.11)

14(17.72)

  Non-invasive ventilation

35(12.87)

12(32.43)

26(32.91)

  Invasive ventilaiton

17(6.25)

14(37.84)

22(27.85)

  ECMO

1(0.37)

3(8.11)

0(0.00)

CRRT, n(%)

50(17.99)/228(82.01); 1

9(21.95)/32(78.05)

20(22.73)/68(77.27)

Inotropic support, n(%)

Corticosteroid treatment, n(%)

 Influenza A

3(1.08)/ 273(98.56); 3

1(2.44)/ 38(92.68); 2

2(2.27) /84(95.45); 2

 Influenza B

1(0.36)/275(99.28); 3

1(2.44)/ 38(92.68); 2

3(3.41) /83(94.32); 2

 Tuberculosis

4(1.44) /274(98.56);1

1(2.44)/ 40(97.56)

3(3.41)/ 85(96.59)

 heart rate, (per minute)

   ≤ 100

32(21.77)

2(3.57)

4(6.67)

  >100

113(76.87)

26(92.86)

56(93.33)

  Total

147(100.00)

28(100.00)

60(100.00)

 Nasal stuffiness

5(1.80) /273(98.20); 1

2(4.88) /39(95.12)

1(1.14) 87(98.86)

 Nasal discharge

6(2.16)/272(97.84); 1

5(12.20)/ 36(87.80)

1(1.14)/87(98.86)

 Sneezing

3(1.08)/ 275(98.92); 1

0(0.00)/40(100.00); 1

1(1.14)/87(98.86)

 Sore throat

4(1.44)/274(98.56); 1

1(2.44)/40(97.56)

3(3.41)/ 85(96.59)

 Cough

226(81.29)/ 52(18.71); 1

30(73.17)/11(26.83)

69(78.41)/ 19(21.59)

 Sputum production

104(37.41)/174(62.59); 1

16(39.02)/25(60.98)

33(37.50)/55(62.50)

 Chest tightness

172(61.87)/106(38.13); 1

30(73.17) /11(26.83)

58(65.91) /30(34.09)

 Chest pain

7(2.52) /271(97.48)

1(2.44) /40(97.56)

4(4.55)/ 84(95.45)

 Hemoptysis

5(1.80) 273(98.20); 1

2(4.88) /39(95.12)

0(0.00) /88(100.00)

 Headache

9(3.24)/ 269(96.76); 1

2(4.88) /39(95.12)

2(2.27)/ 86(97.73)

 Myalgia

34(12.23) /244(87.77); 1

3(7.32) /38(92.68)

12(13.64) /76(86.36)

 Acratia

102(36.82)/175(63.18);2

26(63.41) /15(36.59)

35(39.77)/ 53(60.23)

 Digestive symptoms

36(12.95) /242(87.05)

9(21.95)/ 32(78.05)

13(14.77)/ 75(85.23)

 Discomfort of eye

1(0.36)/ 277(99.64); 1

0(0.00)/ 41(100.00)

0(0.00)/ 88(100.00)

 Cyanosis

27(9.71) /251(90.29); 1

10(24.39) /31(75.61)

7(7.95)/ 81(92.05)

 Rhonchial

18(6.47) 259(93.17); 1

4(9.76) /37(90.24)

4(4.55)/ 84(95.45)

 Moist rales

51(18.35)/ 227(81.65)

12(29.27) /29(70.73)

12(13.64) 76(86.36)

 SPO₂(≤93%/>93%)

173(62.01)/ 106(37.99)

32(78.05)/ 9(21.95)

67(76.14)/ 21(23.86)

 Length of hospitalization, d

12.00(8.00,18.00)^b

17.00(11.00,22.50)

12.00(7.00,16.00)

 Length of ICU, d

0.00(0.00,6.00)

9.50(3.50,12.00)

3.00(0.50,12.00)

 Temperature, °C

38.50(38.00,39.00)

38.50(38.00,38.90)

38.90(38.00,39.00)

 Arterial pressure, mmHg

87.00(78.33,93.00)

86.58(81.50,91.33)

86.75(81.33,93.50)

 Heart rate, per mimute

89.00(82.00,99.00); 1

90.0081.00,100.00

88.00(80.00,102.00)

 Respiratory rate

  <24, (per minute)

164(58.78)

26(63.41)

58(65.91)

  24–30, (per minute)

65(23.30)

5(12.20)

15(17.05)

   ≥ 30, (per minute)

50(17.92)

10(24.39)

15(17.05)

  Total

279(100.00)

41(100.00)

88(100.00)

 SOFA

2.00(1.00,3.00)

3.00(1.00,4.00)

3.00(2.00,5.00)

 APACHEII

7.00(5.00,9.00)

8.00(6.00,11.00)

8.00(6.00,13.00)

 Lowest leukocyte, ×10⁹/L

5.08(3.74,7.83)^b; 4

6.97(4.38,9.31)

6.77(3.81,10.53); 1

 Lowest haemoglobin, g/L

112.00(94.00,124.00); 4

95.00(77.00,106.00)

106.00(78.00,122.00); 1

 Lowest patelets, ×10⁹/L

151.00(81.00,197.00); 3

61.00(27.00,101.00)

83.00(26.00,144.00); 1

 Lowest neutrophils, ×10⁹/L

4.73(2.76,11.46); 8

5.10(3.32,7.39)

7.02(3.97,12.72); 1

 Lowest lymphocyte, ×10⁹/L

0.69(0.44,1.22); 5

0.33(0.18,0.53)

0.43(0.28,0.66); 1

 Lowest fibrinogen, g/L

4.50(3.24,6.35); 15

2.40(1.60,3.46)

3.80(2.10,5.40); 2

 Lowest prealbumin, g/L

93.00(59.00,127.00); 4

51.00(28.00,85.00)

55.00(29.00,89.00); 1

 Lowest albumin, g/L

28.90(26.20,32.30); 2

24.40(22.30,27.60)

26.60(23.40,28.90); 1

 Peak D-Dimer, mg/L

4.58(0.80,32.09); 5

47.82(20.06,80.00)

17.83(3.46,63.70); 1

 Peak total bilirubin, μg/L

16.60(12.20,30.00); 6

23.98(17.38,37.80)

25.20(16.60,32.30); 1

 Peak alanine aminotransferase, U/L

47.00(28.00,67.00); 6

57.00(36.00,122.00)

62.00(38.00,109.00); 1

 Peak aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

38.00(26.00,55.00); 5

85.00(52.00,215.00)

65.00(40.00,121.00); 1

 Peak blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L

7.50(5.30,11.00); 8

21.66(13.50,35.30)

14.90(8.50,24.00); 1

 Peak serum creatinine, μg/L

72.95(55.60,99.00); 7

246.10(146.00,413.70)

105.20(67.40,263.10); 1

 Peak triglycerides, mmol/L

1.95(1.31,3.27); 8

3.27(2.33,4.27)

2.20(1.58,3.43); 1

 Peak ferritin, μg/L

710.11(433.23,1276.37); 11

2000.00(2000.00,2000.00)

2000.00(962.51,2000.00); 2

 Peak Interleukin −6, pg/mL

10.20(7.26,14.98); 16

23.41(11.73,60.57); 1

14.60(8.56,26.90); 4

 Peak erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mm/h

60.00(43.00,80.00); 10

65.50(49.20,79.00); 3

58.30(39.00,74.00); 4

 Peak C-reactive protein, mg/L

76.68(15.60,160.00); 5

160.00(160.00,206.40)

160.00(121.20,198.80); 2

 Peak procalcitonin, ng/mL

0.11(0.05,0.50); 10

4.21(2.63,15.22)

0.98(0.19,4.90); 2

 Peak lactate dehydrogenase, U/L

349.00(241.00,534.00); 4

1096.00(708.00,1676.00)

662.00(432.00,944.00); 1

 Peak creatine kinase isoenzyme, U/L

21.50(15.00,52.50); 9

47.00(32.00,85.00)

38.00(21.00,77.00); 1

 Peak Troponin, pg/mL

6.15(2.40,24.60); 7

303.10(33.80,2202.10)

51.50(6.44,591.40); 1