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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients infected with COVID-19

From: Development and validation of a simple-to-use nomogram to predict the deterioration and survival of patients with COVID-19

Characteristics

Total(n = 351)

Training dataset (n = 246)

Validation dataset (n = 105)

P valuea

Demographics

 Age (years), median (IQR)

54(38–66)

54(38–66.25)

54(37–65.5)

0.581

 Female sex, no. (%)

162(46.2)

117(47.6)

45(42.9)

0.418

 Smoking history, n (%)

57(16.2)

41(16.7)

16(15.2)

0.74

Comorbid conditions, n (%)

 Hypertension

80(22.8)

53(21.5)

27(25.7)

0.407

 Diabetes mellitus

41(11.7)

27(11.0)

14(13.3)

0.529

 Coronary heart disease

20(5.7)

13(5.3)

7(6.7)

0.609

 Cerebrovascular diseases

13(3.7)

9(3.7)

4(3.8)

0.922

 COPD

9(2.6)

7(2.8)

2(1.9)

0.73

 Cancer

9(2.6)

9(3.7)

0(0)

0.062

 Immunodeficiency

1(0.3)

1(0.4)

0(0)

1

Laboratory data

 White blood cells (×109/L), median (IQR)

6.3(5.2–8.4)

6.35(5.2–8.5)

6.2(5.25–8.05)

0.725

 Neutrophil (×109/L), median (IQR)

4.21(3.22–6.34)

4.215(3.2325–6.6425)

4.17(3.145–6.135)

0.696

 Monocyte (×109/L), median (IQR)

0.21(0.15–0.28)

0.21(0.14–0.28)

0.21(0.15–0.27)

0.953

 Lymphocyte (×109/L), median (IQR)

0.91(0.62–1.33)

0.91(0.5975–1.3325)

0.9(0.675–1.345)

0.412

 Distribution, no. (%)

   

0.85

  < 0.8 (×109/L)

133(37.9)

94(38.2)

39(37.1)

 

  ≥ 0.8 (×109/L)

218(62.1)

152(61.8)

66(62.9)

 

 Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR)

108(98–121)

107(97.75–120)

110(100–122)

0.365

 Platelet (×109/L), median (IQR)

130(98–170)

130(98–169.25)

130.5(96.25–171.5)

0.734

 PT (s), median (IQR)

10.9(10.5–11.3)

10.9(10.5–11.3)

10.8(10.4–11.2)

0.157

 APTT (s), median (IQR)

29.7(26.3–33.6)

29.85(26.8–33.575)

29.25(25.425–33.8)

0.284

 Fibrinogen (g/L)

2.664(2.026–3.645)

2.664(2.026–3.542)

2.975(2.081–3.959)

0.192

 D-Dimer (mg/L), median (IQR)

0.6(0.51–1.365)

0.62(0.52–1.518)

0.57(0.51–1.048)

0.052

 TBIL (μmol/L), median (IQR)

9.19(6.63–13.77)

9.205(6.635–14.015)

8.99(6.745–13.385)

0.869

 DBIL (μmol/L), median (IQR)

2.39(1.585–3.57)

2.41(1.6225–3.5375)

2.35(1.56–3.845)

0.866

 Albumin (g/L), median (IQR)

37.4(34–40.9)

37.1(34–40.6)

38.1(34–41.3)

0.223

 Globulin (g/L), median (IQR)

26.4(23.825–28.8)

26.4(23.725–28.875)

26.25(23.925–28.75)

0.907

 ALT (U/L), median (IQR)

21(13.75–34)

20(14–34.5)

21(13–33)

0.69

 AST (U/L), median (IQR)

21(16–28)

21(16–29)

22(17–28)

0.786

 ALT peak (U/L), median (IQR)

35(24–61)

35(24–61)

34(22–61.5)

0.984

 AST peak (U/L), median (IQR)

26(20–39)

26(20–42)

25(20–38)

0.432

 Creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR)

67.35(54.1–79.825)

67.25(54.65–80.35)

68.2(53.65–79.5)

0.57

 Creatinine peak (μmol/L), median (IQR)

73.4(58.25–87.925)

73.1(58.2–87.75)

74(58.25–88.65)

0.993

 LDH (U/L), median (IQR)

207(164.75–263)

203(164.25–269.5)

211.5(166–260.75)

0.882

 LDH peak (U/L), median (IQR)

224.5(175–305.25)

225(175–311.5)

220(177.5–292)

0.762

 Distribution, no. (%)

   

0.92

  < 400 (U/L)

286(81.5)

200(81.3)

86(81.9)

 

  ≥ 400 (U/L)

40(11.4)

29(11.8)

11(10.5)

 

 NA

25(7.1)

17(6.9)

8(7.6)

 

 CK (U/L), median (IQR)

63(41–111.5)

58.5(40–108.5)

69.5(43–126.75)

0.126

 CK-MB (U/L), median (IQR)

12.1(9.4–17.7)

12.1(9.5–17.5)

12.2(9.33–18.48)

0.777

 CRP (mg/L), median (IQR)

21.2(4.65–51.625)

20.7(4.35–52.475)

21.55(6.3–48.475)

0.764

 PCT (ng/L), median (IQR)

0.08(0.05–0.135)

0.08(0.05–0.1375)

0.08(0.06–0.135)

0.665

Clinical classification, no. (%)

   

0.162

 Mild

6(1.7)

2(0.8)

4(3.8)

 

 Moderate

279(79.5)

195(79.3)

84(80)

 

 Severe

33(9.4)

26(10.6)

7(6.7)

 

 Critical

33(9.4)

23(9.3)

10(9.5)

 

Treatment, no. (%)

 Antiviral treatment

349(99.4)

244(99.2)

105(100)

1

 Antibacterial treatment

328(93.4)

229(93.1)

99(94.3)

0.678

 Antifungal treatment

20(5.7)

13(5.3)

7(6.7)

0.33

 Glucocorticoids

119(33.9)

85(34.6)

34(32.4)

0.365

 Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy

66(18.8)

46(18.7)

20(19.0)

0.39

 CRRT

5(1.4)

3(1.2)

2(1.9)

0.024b

 NIVV or high-flow nasal cannula

37(10.5)

28(11.4)

9(8.6)

0.432

 Invasive mechanical ventilation

12(3.4)

7(2.8)

5(4.8)

0.354

 Aggravation, no. (%)

   

0.905

 Mild to Moderate/Severe/Critical

0(0)

0(0)

0(0)

 

 Moderate to Severe/Critical

19(5.4)

14(5.7)

5(4.8)

 

 Severe to Critical

31(8.8)

21(8.5)

10(9.5)

 

 No

301(85.8)

211(85.8)

90(85.7)

 

 Death, no. (%)

14(4.0)

9(3.7)

5(4.8)

0.766

  1. Notes: IQR interquartile, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, TBIL total bilirubin, DBIL direct bilirubin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate Aminotransferase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CK creatine kinase, CKMB Creatine kinase-MB, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, NIVV non-invasive ventilation, NA not available; aFor comparison between training dataset and validation dataset; bP < 0.05