Table 2 Clinical characteristics and comparisons between survivors and non-survivors
| Variables |
Total (N = 60) |
Non-survivors (N = 17) |
Survivors (N = 43) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.2 ± 17.9 | 47.2 ± 21.2 | 52.8 ± 16.4 | 0.465 |
| Sex (female) | 36 (60.0%) | 11 (64.7%) | 25 (58.1%) | 0.640 |
| Corticosteroid use | 58 (96.7%) | 16 (94.1%) | 42 (97.7%) | 0.490 |
| Pulse therapy | 8 (13.3%) | 3 (17.6%) | 5 (11.6%) | 0.676 |
| Duration of corticotherapy (months) | 22.9 ± 46.2 | 36.8 ± 70.6 | 17.4 ± 31.5 | 0.913 |
| Dose of corticosteroids (mg) | 52.2 ± 42.6 | 51.2 ± 36.4 | 52.5 ± 45.2 | 0.944 |
| Immunosuppressants | 25 (41.7%) | 9 (52.9%) | 16 (37.2%) | 0.265 |
| Hospitalization within last 90 days | 48 (80.0%) | 13 (76.5%) | 35 (81.4%) | 0.726 |
| Previous antimicrobial therapy within 30 days | 52 (86.7%) | 16 (94.1%) | 36 (83.7%) | 0.420 |
| Ever-smokers | 15 (25.0%) | 2 (11.8%) | 13 (30.2%) | 0.192 |
| Pulmonary diseasesa | 29 (48.3%) | 8 (47.1%) | 21 (48.8%) | 1.000 |
| Hypertension | 22 (36.7%) | 8 (47.1%) | 14 (32.6%) | 0.376 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (23.3%) | 4 (23.5%) | 10 (23.3%) | 1.000 |
| Fever | 45 (75.0%) | 14 (82.4%) | 31 (72.1%) | 0.520 |
| Cough/expectoration | 49 (81.7%) | 11 (64.7%) | 38 (88.4%) | 0.059 |
| Initial body temperature (°C) | 37.40 ± 0.99 | 37.44 ± 1.15 | 37.38 ± 0.94 | 0.722 |
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 90.9 ± 17.3 | 89.3 ± 18.1 | 91.6 ± 17.2 | 0.785 |
| Respiratory failure at admission | 26 (43.3%) | 11 (64.7%) | 15 (34.9%) | 0.036 |
| Blood leukocyte count (109/L) | 10.01 ± 5.60 | 9.89 ± 5.74 | 10.06 ± 5.61 | 0.994 |
| Blood neutrophil count (109/L) | 8.69 ± 5.29 | 8.61 ± 5.35 | 8.72 ± 5.34 | 0.993 |
| Blood lymphocyte count (/μL) | 867 ± 978 | 877 ± 1300 | 863 ± 836 | 0.450 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 29.8 ± 4.8 | 28.7 ± 5.1 | 30.2 ± 4.6 | 0.352 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 82.3 ± 282.8 | 48.8 ± 53.0 | 95.8 ± 333.8 | 0.847 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 83.8 ± 81.3 | 81.9 ± 59.3 | 84.5 ± 89.3 | 0.854 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 9.41 ± 6.65 | 12.33 ± 7.72 | 8.22 ± 5.86 | 0.011 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 71.2 ± 63.6 | 78.3 ± 67.8 | 67.1 ± 62.0 | 0.407 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 537.6 ± 424.8 | 710.0 ± 588.5 | 425.5 ± 227.2 | 0.146 |
| PCT (ng/ml) | 0.012 | |||
| < 0.5 | 39 (65.0%) | 7 (41.2%) | 32 (74.4%) | |
| 0.5–2 | 9 (15.0%) | 2 (11.8%) | 7 (16.3%) | |
| 2–10 | 9 (15.0%) | 6 (35.3%) | 3 (7.0%) | |
| > 10 | 3 (5.0%) | 2 (11.8%) | 1 (2.3%) | |
| CMV viremia | 19 (31.7%) | 8 (47.1%) | 11 (25.6%) | 0.107 |
| ESBL production | 22/51 (43.1%) | 10/14 (71.4%) | 12/37 (32.4%) | 0.012 |
| Carbapenem resistance | 5 (8.3%) | 2 (11.8%) | 3 (7.0%) | 0.616 |
| Bacteremia | 11 (18.3%) | 5 (29.4%) | 6 (14.0%) | 0.265 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Change of antibiotics due to clinical deterioration | 22 (36.7%) | 12 (70.6%) | 10 (23.3%) | 0.001 |
| Septic shock | 14 (23.3%) | 10 (58.8%) | 4 (9.3%) | < 0.001 |
| ICU admission | 38 (63.3%) | 16 (94.1%) | 22 (51.2%) | 0.002 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 26 (43.3%) | 15 (88.2%) | 11 (25.6%) | < 0.001 |
| Length of ICU stay (days) | 17.6 ± 19.5 | 16.2 ± 14.8 | 18.6 ± 22.7 | 0.939 |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 27.5 ± 20.9 | 20.5 ± 17.5 | 30.4 ± 21.7 | 0.103 |
| In-hospital mortality | 17 (28.3%) | |||