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Table 2 Unconditional logistic regression analysis of child, parental, domestic and environmental characteristics associated with S. aureus colonisation in Umtata participants

From: Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in African children from rural and urban communities with atopic dermatitis

Explanatory variable

Colonised a, n (%)

Not colonised, n (%)

OR [95% CI]

p-value

aOR [95% CI]

p-value

AD: case

31 (28)

27 (24)

7.54 [2.92–19.47]

0.000

8.02 [1.28–50.37]

0.026

Sex: male

21 (19)

46 (42)

0.74 [0.33–1.67]

0.469

0.83 [0.32–2.16]

0.696

Child characteristics

Breastfeeding

10 (9)

25 (23)

0.69 [0.29–1.63]

0.395

1.46 [0.48–4.47]

0.503

 Allergic rhinitis

1 (1)

6 (7)

0.43 [0.05–3.79]

0.449

Excluded

 

 Asthma §

0 (0)

0 (0)

Omitted d

 

Excluded

 

 Food allergy

5 (5)

6 (5)

1.69 [0.48–5.95]

0.413

Excluded

 

Mode of delivery: vaginal

29 (26)

57 (51)

0.9 [0.36–2.29]

0.833

Excluded

 

Incomplete immunisation status

2 (2)

2 (2)

1.97 [0.27–14.58]

0.506

Excluded

 

Antibiotic exposure

33 (30)

58 (52)

1.71 [0.57–5.12]

0.34

1.54 [0.39–6]

0.536

Large family size b

15 (14)

35 (32)

0.71 [0.32–1.57]

0.395

0.94 [0.36–2.44]

0.903

Animal exposure c

27 (24)

65 (59)

0.3 [0.11–0.83]

0.021

0.53 [0.11–2.54]

0.429

Fossil fuel exposure

 Electricity + gas

31 (28)

38 (34)

4.08 [1.59–10.44]

0.003

0.35 [0.05–2.47]

0.295

 Kerosene + paraffin

28 (25)

36 (32)

2.88 [1.22–6.77]

0.015

0.69 [0.19–2.49]

0.571

 Indoor fire

1 (1)

3 (3)

0.63 [0.06–6.27]

0.694

Excluded

 

 Outdoor fire

10 (9)

39 (35)

0.31 [0.13–0.73]

0.008

0.54 [0.17–1.67]

0.283

 Wood + coal

3 (3)

28 (25)

0.14 [0.04–0.49]

0.002

0.14 [0.02–0.99]

0.048

Maternal factors

 Allergic rhinitis

0 (0)

4 (4)

Omitted d

 

Excluded

 

 Asthma

1 (1)

1 (1)

1.95 [0.12–32]

0.641

Excluded

 

 Atopic dermatitis

1 (1)

1 (1)

1.95 [0.12–32]

0.641

Excluded

 

 Food allergy

1 (1)

2 (2)

0.96 [0.08–10.93]

0.973

Excluded

 

 Smoking

0 (0)

1 (1)

Omitted

 

Excluded

 

 Pregnant smoker

0 (0)

1 (1)

Omitted

 

Excluded

 

 Animal exposure c

31 (28)

65 (59)

0.55 [0.18–1.64]

0.28

1.93 [0.37–10.16]

0.438

Paternal factors

 Allergic rhinitis §

0 (0)

3 (3)

Omitted

 

Excluded

 

 Asthma §

1 (1)

2 (2)

0.96 [0.08–10.93]

0.973

Excluded

 

 Atopic dermatitis §

0 (0)

1 (1)

Omitted

 

Excluded

 

 Food allergy §

0 (0)

1 (1)

Omitted

 

Excluded

 

 Smoking

5 (5)

10 (9)

0.94 [0.3–2.98]

0.267

Excluded

 
  1. AD atopic dermatitis, OR odds ratio, aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval; § No within group variance; a Colonisation with Staphylococcus aureus; b Large family size is arbitrarily defined as 7 or more members within a household; c Animal exposure refers to farm animals; d Independent variables omitted due to dependency in the regression model