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Table 1 Participant characteristics of atopic dermatitis cases and healthy controls

From: Molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in African children from rural and urban communities with atopic dermatitis

Explanatory variable

Umtata

Cape Town

Total, n (%)

Case, n (%)

Control, n (%)

p-value

Total, n (%)

Case, n (%)

Control, n (%)

p-value

Total

111 (100)

58 (52)

53 (48)

0.502a

74 (100)

43 (58)

31 (42)

0.049a

Age (months)

 Mean [standard deviation]

21.27 [7.15]

21.03 [7.41]

21.53 [6.90]

0.718

24.19 [7.37]

23.98 [7.44]

24.48 [7.38]

0.773

Sex

 Female

42 (39)

24 (43)

18 (34)

0.431

36 (49)

19 (44)

17 (55)

0.480

 Male

67 (61)

32 (57)

35 (66)

38 (51)

24 (56)

14 (45)

AD severity

 Moderate

23 (40)

23 (40)

–

 

21 (49)

21 (49)

–

 

 Severe

35 (60)

35 (60)

–

 

22 (51)

22 (51)

–

 

Atopic disease

 Food allergy

11 (10)

10 (17)

1 (2)

0.009

9 (12)

9 (21)

0 (0)

0.008

 Asthma

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

1 (1)

1 (3)

0 (0)

1.000

 Allergic rhinitis

7 (8)

1 (2)

6 (11)

0.242

1 (1)

1 (3)

0 (0)

1.000

Mode of birth

 Caesarean section

25 (23)

14 (24)

11 (21)

0.821

33 (46)

20 (49)

13 (42)

0.637

 Vaginal

86 (77)

44 (76)

42 (79)

39 (54)

21 (51)

18 (58)

Breastfeeding

35 (32)

10 (17)

25 (47)

0.001

9 (12)

7 (16)

2 (6)

0.288

Antibiotic exposure

92 (82)

49 (83)

43 (81)

0.810

54 (72)

30 (70)

24 (77)

0.598

Immunisation status

 Complete

107 (96)

56 (95)

52 (98)

0.620

64 (86)

33 (77)

31 (100)

0.004

 Incomplete

4 (4)

3 (5)

1 (2)

10 (14)

10 (23)

0 (0)

Large family a

62 (55)

30 (52)

32 (60)

0.445

24 (32)

14 (33)

10 (32)

1.000

Animal exposure

93 (84)

39 (67)

53 (100)

0.001

2 (3)

2 (6)

0 (0)

0.495

Parental education

 Primary

8 (7)

2 (3)

6 (11)

0.001

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

0.025

 Secondary

70 (63)

31 (53)

39 (74)

33 (45)

14 (33)

19 (61)

 Tertiary

31 (28)

25 (43)

6 (11)

40 (54)

28 (65)

12 (39)

 Other

2 (2)

0 (0)

2 (4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Maternal factors

 Animal exposure

96 (86)

44 (76)

52 (98)

0.001

4 (60)

4 (11)

0 (0)

0.120

 Pregnant smoking

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (2)

0.482

3 (45)

0 (0)

3 (10)

0.094

 Smoking

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (2)

0.477

4 (6)

1 (3)

3 (10)

0.324

 Asthma

2 (2)

2 (3)

0 (0)

0.496

6 (8)

4 (10)

2 (6)

1.000

 Allergic rhinitis

4 (4)

4 (7)

0 (0)

0.120

5 (68)

4 (10)

1 (3)

0.387

 Atopic dermatitis

2 (2)

2 (3)

0 (0)

0.496

3 (4)

2 (5)

1 (3)

1.000

 Food allergy

3 (3)

2 (3)

1 (2)

1.000

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

1.000

Paternal factors

 Smoking

15 (14)

9 (16)

6 (12)

0.589

20 (31)

11 (31)

9 (31)

1.000

 Asthma

3 (3)

3 (5)

0 (0)

0.245

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Allergic rhinitis

3 (3)

3 (5)

0 (0)

0.245

7 (10)

7 (17)

0 (0)

0.018

 Atopic dermatitis

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

1.000

2 (3)

2 (5)

0 (0)

0.505

 Food allergy

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

1.000

1 (1)

1 (2)

0 (0)

1.000

Household factors

 Electricity + gas

69 (62)

56 (97)

13 (25)

0.001

66 (99)

35 (97)

31 (100)

1.000

 Kerosene + paraffin

64 (58)

44 (76)

20 (38)

0.001

43 (64)

21 (58)

22 (71)

0.317

 Paraffin

38 (34)

6 (10)

32 (60)

0.001

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Indoor fire

4 (4)

2 (3)

2 (4)

1.000

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Outdoor fire

49 (44)

12 (21)

37 (70)

0.001

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

 Wood + fire

31 (28)

4 (7)

27 (51)

0.001

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 
  1. Bold text indicates statistical significance. AD atopic dermatitis, CI confidence interval, IQR interquartile range; a Large family is arbitrarily defined as 7 or more members living within one household