Table 1 Characteristics of hospitalized children with PIV-1, PIV-2, PIV-3, and PIV-4 including co-detections with other pathogens
PIV-1 (n = 34) No. (%) | PIV-2 (n = 13) No. (%) | PIV-3a (n = 125) No. (%) | PIV-4a (n = 46) No. (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex | 16 (47.1) | 6 (46.2) | 48 (38.4) | 21 (45.7) | 0.714 |
Median age, months (IQR) | 9.0 (3.5–16.1) | 5.4 (2.6–8.6) | 3.2 (1.7–8.9) | 2.6 (1.7–9.1) | 0.003 |
Age group | |||||
< 6 months | 13 (38.2) | 7 (53.9) | 80 (64.0) | 29 (63.0) | 0.028 |
6 to < 12 months | 7 (20.6) | 5 (38.5) | 23 (18.4) | 8 (17.4) | |
12 to < 24 months | 14 (41.2) | 1 (7.7) | 22 (17.6) | 9 (19.6) | |
Received influenza vaccine | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 0.861 |
Breastfed, any | 30 (88.2) | 13 (100) | 92 (73.6) | 37 (80.4) | 0.059 |
Any underlying medical conditionb | 3 (8.8) | 2 (15.4) | 19 (15.2) | 6 (13.0) | 0.810 |
Household smoke exposure | 23 (67.7) | 10 (76.9) | 95 (76.0) | 37 (80.4) | 0.620 |
Symptom duration prior to admission, days (IQR) | 3.5 (2–5) | 2 (2–4) | 3 (2–5) | 2 (1–5) | 0.253 |
Antibiotics prior to admission | 17 (50.0) | 3 (23.1) | 42 (33.6) | 19 (41.3) | 0.210 |
Antibiotics during hospitalization | 33 (97.1) | 9 (69.2) | 115 (92.0) | 44 (95.7) | 0.010 |
Clinical presentation | |||||
Fever/feverishc | 21 (61.8) | 9 (69.2) | 77 (61.6) | 27 (58.7) | 0.923 |
Coughc | 30 (88.2) | 10 (76.9) | 90 (72.0) | 36 (78.3) | 0.258 |
Shortness of breathc | 23 (67.7) | 9 (69.2) | 55 (44.0) | 28 (60.9) | 0.045 |
Flaring/Retractionsd | 14 (41.2) | 5 (38.5) | 36 (28.8) | 15 (32.6) | 0.541 |
Retractions, onlyd | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 4 (8.7) | 0.492 |
Wheezingd | 20 (58.8) | 6 (46.2) | 62 (49.6) | 22 (47.8) | 0.750 |
Admission diagnosis | |||||
Reactive airway disease | 3 (8.8) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2.2) | 0.387 |
Bronchiolitis | 6 (17.7) | 3 (23.1) | 14 (11.2) | 10 (21.7) | 0.275 |
Bronchopneumonia | 14 (41.2) | 4 (30.8) | 48 (38.4) | 13 (28.3) | 0.563 |
Croup | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.010 |
Febrile seizure | 2 (5.9) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (3.2) | 1 (2.2) | 0.697 |
Pneumonia | 4 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (9.6) | 5 (10.9) | 0.649 |
Pertussis-like cough | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.2) | 4 (8.7) | 0.269 |
Rule-out sepsis | 5 (14.7) | 3 (23.1) | 40 (32.0) | 11 (23.9) | 0.211 |
Classified as LRTI | 28 (82.4) | 9 (69.2) | 84 (67.2) | 31 (67.4) | 0.382 |
Chest radiograph | |||||
Abnormal | 23/31 (74.2) | 8/11 (72.7) | 78/116 (67.2) | 28/44 (63.4) | 0.785 |
Required supplemental oxygen | 11 (32.4) | 2 (15.4) | 35 (28.0) | 14 (30.4) | 0.695 |
Required ICU admission | 5 (14.7) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (7.2) | 3 (6.5) | 0.318 |
Required mechanical ventilation | 2 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.393 |
Length of stay (days), median (IQR) | 3 (2–6) | 5 (3–8) | 6 (3–8) | 5 (3–8) | 0.161 |
Codetected with ≥1 other virus | 21 (61.8) | 8 (61.5) | 64 (51.2) | 30 (65.2) | 0.338 |
Death | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.2) | 0.431 |