Variable | No. observations (n = 410) § | Haemophilus influenzae | Moraxella catarrhalis | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. isolates (n = 44)σ | OR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | p | No. isolates (n = 51)ξ | OR [95% CI] | p | Adjusted OR [95% CI] | p | ||
Group | |||||||||||
 CLD- | 18% (74) | 9% (4) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 4% (2) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 CLD+ | 82% (336) | 91% (40) | 2.4 [0.9–8.1] | 0.11 | 1.5 [0.5–5.7] | 0.49 | 96% (49) | 6.2 [1.9–38.2] | 0.01 | 4.0 [1.1–26.2] | 0.08 |
Study site | |||||||||||
 Malawi | 28% (114) | 23% (10) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 49% (25) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Zimbabwe | 72% (296) | 77% (34) | 1.4 [0.7–3.0] | 0.43 | 3.9 [1.5–11.7] | 0.01 | 51% (26) | 0.3 [0.2–0.6] | <0.001 | 0.6 [0.3–1.4] | 0.27 |
Sex | |||||||||||
 Female | 52% (212) | 61% (27) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 51% (26) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Male | 48% (198) | 39% (17) | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.18 | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.13 | 49% (25) | 1.0 [0.6–1.9] | 0.91 | 1.0 [0.5–1.9] | 0.90 |
Season of sample collection | |||||||||||
 Dec–April - Rainy season | 36% (149) | 30% (13) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 20% (10) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 May–Aug - Cool season | 39% (160) | 50% (22) | 1.7 [0.8–3.5] | 0.29 | 1.9 [0.8–4.4] | 0.24 | 47% (24) | 2.5 [1.2–5.6] | 0.03 | 2.7 [1.2–6.7] | 0.04 |
 Sep–Nov - Hot season | 25% (101) | 20% (9) | 1.0 [0.4–2.5] | 1.0 [0.4–2.7] | 33% (17) | 2.8 [1.3–6.7] | 3.1 [1.3–8.1] | ||||
Enrolment age category | |||||||||||
 17-19y | 32% (131) | 16% (7) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 10% (5) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 13-16y | 41% (168) | 61% (27) | 3.4 [1.5–8.7] | 0.01 | 3.6 [1.5–10.2] | 0.03 | 55% (28) | 5.0 [2.1–15.2] | 0.004 | 3.5 [1.3–11.1] | 0.04 |
 6-12y | 27% (111) | 23% (10) | 1.8 [0.7–5.0] | 2.4 [0.8–7.7] | 35% (18) | 4.9 [1.9–15.2] | 4.0 [1.4–13.2] | ||||
Number of years on ART | |||||||||||
 6 m- < 2y | 9% (35) | 15% (6) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 22% (11) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 2- < 4y | 18% (72) | 22% (9) | 0.7 [0.2–2.2] | 0.40 | 0.6 [0.2–2] | 0.22 | 12% (6) | 0.2 [0.1–0.6] | 0.01 | 0.3 [0.1–0.8] | 0.09 |
 4y- < 6y | 20% (81) | 20% (8) | 0.5 [0.2–1.7] | 0.4 [0.1–1.4] | 16% (8) | 0.2 [0.1–0.7] | 0.3 [0.1–0.9] | ||||
 6y+ | 53% (214) | 44% (18) | 0.4 [0.2–1.3] | 0.3 [0.1–1.0] | 50% (25) | 0.3 [0.1–0.7] | 0.3 [0.1–0.9] | ||||
CD4 count | |||||||||||
  > 500 | 63% (257) | 55% (24) | Reference |  |  |  | 55% (28) | Reference |  |  |  |
 200–500 | 27% (112) | 20% (9) | 0.9 [0.4–1.8] | 0.003 |  |  | 31% (16) | 1.4 [0.7–2.6] | 0.4 |  |  |
  < 200 | 10% (40) | 25% (11) | 3.7 [1.6–8.2] |  |  | 14% (7) | 1.7 [0.7–4.1] |  |  | ||
Enrolment viral load | |||||||||||
 Unsuppressed | 42% (174) | 50% (22) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 47% (24) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Suppressed | 58% (236) | 50% (22) | 0.7 [0.4–1.3] | 0.28 | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.13 | 53% (27) | 0.8 [0.5–1.5] | 0.48 | 0.6 [0.3–1.2] | 0.14 |
ART regimen | |||||||||||
 PI-based regimen - 2nd line | 24% (98) | 27% (12) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 29% (15) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 NNRTI-based regimen -1st line | 76% (312) | 73% (32) | 0.8 [0.4–1.9] | 0.74 | 0.9 [0.4–2.2] | 0.83 | 71% (36) | 0.8 [0.4–1.5] | 0.43 | 0.6 [0.3–1.5] | 0.27 |
Ever treated for TB | |||||||||||
 No | 74% (302) | 61% (27) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 70% (35) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Yes | 26% (106) | 39% (17) | 2.0 [1.0–3.7] | 0.05 | 2.1 [1.0–4.6] | 0.06 | 30% (15) | 1.3 [0.6–2.4] | 0.49 | 1.2 [0.5–2.6] | 0.63 |
Enrolment weight- for-age- z-score | |||||||||||
 Not underweight | 54% (220) | 55% (24) | Reference |  |  |  | 37% (19) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Underweight | 46% (190) | 45% (20) | 1.0 [0.5–1.8] | 0.90 |  |  | 63% (32) | 2.1 [1.2–4] | 0.01 |  |  |
Enrolment height-for-age- z-score - | |||||||||||
 Not stunted | 54% (220) | 57% (25) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 37% (19) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
 Stunted | 46% (190) | 43% (19) | 0.9 [0.5–1.6] | 0.66 | 0.7 [0.3–1.5] | 0.40 | 63% (32) | 2.1 [1.2–4] | 0.01 | 1.5 [0.8–3.0] | 0.25 |
Ever repeated a grade | |||||||||||
 No | 46% (183) | 36% (15) | Reference |  |  |  | 28% (14) | Reference |  |  |  |
 Yes | 54% (218) | 64% (27) | 1.6 [0.8–3.2] | 0.18 |  |  | 72% (36) | 2.4 [1.3–4.7] | 0.01 |  |  |
MRC dyspnoea score | |||||||||||
 1 or 0 | 60% (244) | 50% (22) | Reference |  | Reference |  | 33% (17) | Reference |  | Reference |  |
  > 1 | 40% (165) | 50% (22) | 1.6 [0.8–2.9] | 0.17 | 2.6 [1.2–5.8] | 0.02 | 67% (34) | 3.5 [1.9–6.6] | <0.001 | 2.4 [1.1–5.4] | 0.04 |