Fig. 1

Study area. Map showing Cove, Zagnanado and Ouinhi Districts, located in Zou department, central Benin, West Africa (Panel a); the 60 study clusters identified with core and buffer area and intervention allocation (Panel b); a minimum of 1000 m area was created between households in adjacent clusters (Panel c). Source of map: Own from the study investigators (CT, JC, MA, ED).