Characteristics | All patients (n = 104) | Outpatients (n = 71) | Inpatients (n = 33) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean age ± SD – years | 41.1 ± 7.4 | 39.5 ± 7.5 | 44.8 ± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
Male gender – no. (%) | 56 (53.8%) | 37 (52.1%) | 19 (57.6%) | 0.757 |
Healthcare worker – no. (%) | 13 (12.5%) | 11 (15.5%) | 2 (6.1%) | 0.218 |
Mean BMI (Body mass index) ± SD | 27.1 ± 5.01 | 26.37 ± 5.12 | 28.6 ± 4.46 | 0.029 |
Smoking habit – no. (%) | 11 (10.6%) | 9 (13.8%) | 2 (7.1%) | 0.495 |
Coexisting conditions | ||||
Hypertension | 11 (10.6%) | 8 (11.3%) | 3 (9.1%) | > 0.999 |
Diabetes | 4 (3.8%) | 2 (2.8%) | 2 (6.1%) | 0.590 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2 (1.9%) | 2 (2.8%) | 0 | > 0.999 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 1 (1%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 | > 0.999 |
Chronic liver disease | 3 (2.9%) | 2 (2.8%) | 1 (3%) | > 0.999 |
Neurological disease and mental disorder | 6 (5.8%) | 2 (2.8%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.079 |
Malignancy | 3 (2.9%) | 3 (4.2%) | 0 | 0.550 |
Thyroid diseases | 8 (7.7%) | 7 (9.9%) | 1 (3%) | 0.431 |
Days from illness onset to visit hospital | 8.8 ± 6.05 | 8.5 ± 6.49 | 8.5 ± 6.07 | 0.996 |
Signs and symptoms at the onset | ||||
Fever | 94 (90.4%) | 61 (85.9%) | 33 (100%) | 0.028 |
Cough | 58 (55.8%) | 35 (49.3%) | 23 (69.7%) | 0.082 |
Dyspnoea | 35 (33.7%) | 18 (25.4%) | 17 (51.5%) | 0.016 |
Chest pain | 15 (14.4%) | 9 (12.7%) | 6 (18.2%) | 0.551 |
Fatigue | 18 (17.3%) | 13 (18.3%) | 5 (15.2%) | 0.906 |
Sore throat | 9 (8.7%) | 9 (12.7%) | 0 | 0.054 |
Anosmia | 17 (16.3%) | 14 (19.7%) | 3 (9.1%) | 0.280 |
Diarrhoea | 16 (15.4%) | 9 (12.7%) | 7 (21.2%) | 0.406 |
Vomiting | 5 (4.8%) | 4 (5.6%) | 1 (3%) | > 0.999 |
Headache | 8 (7.7%) | 6 (8.5%) | 2 (6.1%) | > 0.999 |
Myalgia | 11 (10.6%) | 7 (9.9%) | 4 (12.1%) | 0.740 |
Syncope | 6 (5.8%) | 4 (5.6%) | 2 (6.1%) | > 0.999 |
Respiratory distress syndrome | 14 (13.95%) | 2 (2.8%) | 12 (36.4%) | < 0.001 |
Vital signs | ||||
Systolic blood pressure. mm Hg | 96 ± 15.51 | 128 ± 14 | 132 ± 18.1 | 0.289 |
Heart rate | 91.7 ± 17.45 | 90.3 ± 18.3 | 94.6 ± 15.6 | 0.329 |
Respiratory rate | 18 (17–24) | 17 (16–18) | 18 (17–24) | 0.171 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
White blood cell count, × 109/L (normal range 4–11) | 5.820 ± 2.489 | 5.614 ± 2.259 | 6.264 ± 2.913 | 0.224 |
Lymphocyte count, ×109/L (normal range 1–4) | 1.318 ± 0.609 | 1.415 ± 0.597 | 1.109 ± 0.592 | 0.018 |
Platelet count, ×109/L (normal range 150–400) | 186 (152–248) | 183 (161–246) | 190.5 (142–250) | 0.693 |
Alanine aminotransferase, U/L (normal range 0–35) | 28 (18–40) | 21 (15–33) | 36.2 (26.7–50) | 0.001 |
Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L (normal range 0–35) | 24 (42–20.5) | 24 (19–30) | 42 (29.7–51) | < 0.001 |
Creatinine, mg/dl (normal range 0.67–1.17) | 0.844 ± 0.21 | 0.823 ± 0.19 | 0.890 ± 0.24 | 0.128 |
Potassium, mEq/L (normal range 3.5–5.1) | 3.99 ± 0.36 | 3.96 ± 0.348 | 4.05 ± 0.38 | 0.248 |
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L (normal range 0–247) | 250.5 (176.5–326.5) | 179 (150–221) | 317 (259–448) | < 0.001 |
Creatine kinase, U/L (normal range 0–195) | 73 (49.25–124.5) | 67.5 (49–90.7) | 116 (59–270) | 0.034 |
Procalcitonin ng/mL (normal range 0.38) | 0.03 (0.02–0.08) | 0.02 (0.02–0.04) | 0.07 (0.02–0.132) | 0.018 |
C-reactive protein mg/mL (normal range 0–0.49) | 1.74 (0.49–5.72) | 0.89 (0.195–2.44) | 7.63 (2.66–11.72) | < 0.001 |
D-dimer, ng/L (normal range 0–500) | 587 (298–920) | 406 (263–494) | 861 (591–1165) | 0.001 |
Involvement on chest radiographs | ||||
No involvement | 27 (26%) | 26 (37.7%) | 1 (3%) | < 0.001 |
Ground-glass opacity | 28 (26.9%) | 23 (33.3%) | 5 (15.2%) | |
Bilateral lung patch shadow | 37 (35.6%) | 12 (17.4%) | 25 (75.8%) | |
Focal lesions | 10 (9.6%) | 8 (11.6%) | 2 (6.1%) |