|
Variable
|
Univariate
|
Multivariable
|
|---|
|
CrOR 95% (CI)
|
P-value
|
AOR 95% (CI)
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Individual-level factors
|
|
Sex
|
|
Male
|
1.150 (1.085–1.218)
|
<.0001
|
1.012 (0.949–1.079)
|
0.7118
|
|
Female
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Age (years)
|
|
< 25
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
25–34
|
1.279 (1.206–1.357)
|
<.0001
|
1.219 (1.145–1.297)
|
<.0001
|
|
35–44
|
1.256 (1.175–1.342)
|
<.0001
|
1.275 (1.187–1.371)
|
<.0001
|
|
≥ 45
|
1.173 (1.064–1.293)
|
0.0014
|
1.239 (1.116–1.375)
|
<.0001
|
|
Educational level
|
|
No education
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Primary
|
1.181 (1.083–1.286)
|
0.0002
|
1.253 (1.144–1.371)
|
<.0001
|
|
Secondary or high
|
2.225 (2.022–2.447)
|
<.0001
|
2.000 (1.793–2.232)
|
<.0001
|
|
Wealth index†
|
|
Poorest
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Poorer
|
1.140 (1.048–1.240)
|
0.0022
|
1.081 (0.993–1.176)
|
0.0734
|
|
Middle
|
1.238 (1.139–1.346)
|
<.0001
|
1.106 (1.016–1.205)
|
0.0205
|
|
Richer
|
1.324 (1.218–1.439)
|
<.0001
|
1.096 (1.005–1.196)
|
0.0387
|
|
Richest
|
1.822 (1.670–1.987)
|
<.0001
|
1.166 (1.053–1.292)
|
0.0032
|
|
Religion
|
|
Roman catholic
|
1.063 (0.828–1.364)
|
0.6319
|
0.957 (0.743–1.232)
|
0.7339
|
|
CCAP
|
1.212 (0.944–1.557)
|
0.1322
|
1.037 (0.804–1.338)
|
0.7768
|
|
Anglican
|
1.110 (0.845–1.459)
|
0.4523
|
1.145 (0.868–1.510)
|
0.3365
|
|
Seventh Day Adventist/Baptist
|
1.305 (1.006–1.693)
|
0.0452
|
1.073 (0.824–1.398)
|
0.6004
|
|
Other Christian
|
0.964 (0.754–1.231)
|
0.7675
|
0.951 (0.742–1.219)
|
0.6936
|
|
Muslim
|
1.042 (0.804–1.352)
|
0.7541
|
1.020 (0.777–1.339)
|
0.8855
|
|
No religion/other
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Amount of media exposure‡
|
|
0
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
1
|
1.103 (1.038–1.172)
|
0.0015
|
1.010 (0.948–1.076)
|
0.7571
|
|
2
|
1.306 (1.218–1.399)
|
<.0001
|
1.056 (0.978–1.140)
|
0.1621
|
|
3
|
1.787 (1.636–1.959)
|
<.0001
|
1.190 (1.076–1.315)
|
0.0007
|
|
Occupation
|
|
Not working
|
0.934 (0.864–1.010)
|
0.0885
|
1.011 (0.931–1.097)
|
0.7992
|
|
Professional/technical/managerial
|
1.911 (1.676–2.180)
|
<.0001
|
1.336 (1.166–1.531)
|
<.0001
|
|
Clerical/sales/services
|
1.028 (0.917–1.153)
|
0.6346
|
0.893 (0.795–1.004)
|
0.0588
|
|
Agricultural employee
|
0.841 (0.780–0.907)
|
<.0001
|
0.909 (0.843–0.981)
|
0.0143
|
|
Skilled manual
|
1.125 (0.976–1.296)
|
0.1032
|
0.983 (0.850–1.137)
|
0.8176
|
|
Unskilled manual
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Tuberculosis can be cured
|
|
No
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Yes
|
2.088 (1.960–2.223)
|
<.0001
|
1.708 (1.600–1.823)
|
<.0001
|
|
Community-level factors
|
|
Place of residence
|
|
Urban
|
1.674 (1.528–1.835)
|
<.0001
|
1.165 (1.063–1.277)
|
0.0011
|
|
Rural
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Geographical region
|
|
Northern
|
0.588 (0.533–0.650)
|
<.0001
|
0.581 (0.512–0.659)
|
<.0001
|
|
Central
|
0.777 (0.715–0.845)
|
<.0001
|
0.896 (0.819–0.980)
|
0.0161
|
|
Southern
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
|
Ethnicity
|
|
Chewa
|
1.214 (1.025–1.439)
|
0.0249
|
1.052 (0.878–1.259)
|
0.5836
|
|
Tumbuka
|
1.125 (0.941–1.345)
|
0.1956
|
1.054 (0.886–1.253)
|
0.5553
|
|
Lomwe
|
1.709 (1.434–2.036)
|
<.0001
|
1.286 (1.066–1.551)
|
0.0086
|
|
Tonga
|
0.919 (0.738–1.145)
|
0.4520
|
0.898 (0.727–1.108)
|
0.3158
|
|
Yao
|
1.423 (1.184–1.710)
|
0.0002
|
1.122 (0.911–1.382)
|
0.2769
|
|
Sena
|
1.387 (1.120–1.719)
|
0.0028
|
1.100 (0.881–1.373)
|
0.4018
|
|
Nkhonde
|
1.199 (0.914–1.572)
|
0.1900
|
1.146 (0.878–1.497)
|
0.3156
|
|
Ngoni
|
1.398 (1.168–1.673)
|
0.0003
|
1.063 (0.882–1.281)
|
0.5220
|
|
Mang’anja
|
1.484 (1.173–1.877)
|
0.0010
|
1.086 (0.850–1.386)
|
0.5110
|
|
Nyanja
|
1.251 (0.979–1.599)
|
0.0735
|
0.997 (0.780–1.274)
|
0.9807
|
|
Other
|
1.000
| |
1.000
| |
- TB tuberculosis, CrOR Crude Odds Ratio, AOR adjusted Odds Ratio, CI Confidence Interval
- ‡Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine, Frequency of listening to radio and frequency of watching television
- †Composite measure of a household’s cumulative living standard
