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Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics, immunological and cytokine parameters between patients with COVID-19

From: Dynamic changes in lymphocyte subsets and parallel cytokine levels in patients with severe and critical COVID-19

Variables

Moderate

(n = 10)

Severe

(n = 38)

Critical

(n = 19)

P value

Age, y

39.5 (36.0–62.5)

65.0 (57.0–72.3)*

66 (56.0–70.0)*

0.001

Male

6

19

14

0.230

Days from illness onset to admission, d

22.5 (14.0–32.0)

14.0 (10.0–23.0)

14.0 (10.0–20.0)

0.153

Length of stay, d

16.5 (10.0–20.3)

37.0 (19.8–46.3) *

44.0 (27.0–50.0) *

0.003

Comorbidities

 Hypertension

4 (40.0)

16 (42.1)

12 (63.2)

0.282

 Diabetes mellitus

1 (10.0)

12 (31.5)

3 (15.8)

0.225

 Malignancy

1 (10.0)

2 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

0.436

 Chronic kidney disease

0 (0.0)

2 (5.3)

1 (5.3)

0.759

 Chronic lung disease

0 (0.0)

5 (13.2)

5 (26.3)

0.150

Treatment

 Antibiotics

9 (90.0)

28 (73.7)

18 (94.7)

0.115

 Antiviral treatment

7 (70.0)

34 (89.5)

18 (94.7)

0.137

 Corticosteroid

1 (10.0)

20 (52.6)

16 (84.2)

0.001

Death

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

4 (21.1)

0.01

Cell counts, per μL

 Total lymphocytes

2005 (1635–2458)

1280 (950–1550) *

800 (510–1050) # *

< 0.001

 T lymphocytes

1413 (1236–2010)

821 (609–1142) *

639 (443–725) # *

0.002

 CD4+ T-cell

940 (664–1292)

522 (358–735) *

377 (302–467) # *

0.001

 CD8+ T-cell

443 (317–647)

243 (183–394) *

213 (78–264) *

0.002

 B cell

221 (135–377)

137 (84–210) *

97 (45–128) *

0.001

 NK-cell

137 (96–208)

118 (77–189)

39 (19–65) # *

0.001

Inflammatory cytokine

 C-reactive protein, mg/L

3.9 (0.1–15.5)

10.5 (4.2–25.7)

40.0 (15.9–58.7)# *

0.004

 IL-2 (pg/ml)

3.6 (3.0–4.2)

2.9 (2.1–4.0)

3.0 (2.1–3.8)

0.339

 IL-4 (pg/ml)

2.9 (1.9–3.9)

3.0 (1.3–3.8)

2.5 (1.4–3.9)

0.844

 IL-6 (pg/ml)

5.8 (3.4–8.0)

6.8 (4.3–16.2)

14.5 (5.7–52.3) *

0.043

 IL-10 (pg/ml)

4.0 (3.1–5.1)

4.5 (3.0–5.9)

5.4 (3.4–7.5) *

0.049

 TNF-α (pg/ml)

2.7 (1.7–3.4)

2.1 (1.6–3.2)

2.6 (1.7–3.2)

0.325

 IFN-γ (pg/ml)

2.6 (2.3–3.7)

3.1 (1.4–4.1)

2.8 (1.5–3.8)

0.527

  1. Values are median (IQR) or n (%). * and # refer to P < 0.05. *Comparison between the moderate group and the severe or critical group. # Comparison between the severe group and the critical group
  2. IL Interleukin; TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor α; IFN-γ Interferon γ