Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with invasive candidiasis for crude 30-day mortality in the training and validation cohorts
Clinical characteristics | Training cohort | Validation cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. patients (n = 147) | 30-day mortality (n = 42) | p value a | No. patients (n = 60) | 30-day mortality (n = 16) | p value a | |
Male (%) | 75 (51.0) | 20 (47.6) | 0.715 | 36 (60.0) | 9 (56.3) | 0.771 |
Age > = 65 years old (%) | 68 (46.3) | 21 (50.0) | 0.587 | 22 (36.7) | 6 (37.5) | 1.000 |
LOS > = 30 days (%) | 50 (34.0) | 18 (42.9) | 0.179 | 19 (31.7) | 5 (31.3) | 1.000 |
CVC > 7 days (%) | 79 (53.7) | 24 (57.1) | 0.715 | 35 (58.3) | 12 (75.0) | 0.146 |
TPN > 5 days (%) | 54 (36.7) | 16 (38.1) | 0.851 | 21 (35.0) | 7 (43.8) | 0.541 |
Urinary catheter > 2 days (%) | 41 (27.9) | 13 (31.0) | 0.685 | 21 (35.0) | 8 (50.0) | 0.220 |
Nasogastric tube > 3 days (%) | 60 (40.8) | 14 (33.3) | 0.270 | 24 (40.0) | 7 (43.8) | 0.771 |
No prior surgery (%) | 68 (46.3) | 30 (71.4) | < 0.001 | 41 (68.3) | 14 (87.5) | 0.066 |
Neutropenia (%) | 9 (6.1) | 3 (7.1) | 0.715 | 3 (5.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.171 |
Chemotherapy (%) | 50 (34.0) | 15 (35.7) | 0.848 | 11 (18.3) | 4 (25.0) | 0.462 |
Metastasis (%) | 50 (34.0) | 28 (66.7) | < 0.001 | 24 (40.0) | 9 (56.3) | 0.145 |
ICU admitted > 3 days (%) | 54 (36.7) | 26 (61.9) | < 0.001 | 26 (43.3) | 11 (68.8) | 0.021 |
Previous antibiotics exposure (%) | 104 (70.7) | 31 (73.8) | 0.691 | 41 (68.3) | 10 (62.5) | 0.550 |
Timely anti-fungal treatment | 101 (68.7) | 31 (73.8) | 0.437 | 42 (70.0) | 14 (87.5) | 0.112 |
Fluconazole prophylaxis | 11 (7.5) | 5 (11.9) | 0.295 | 9 (15.0) | 5 (31.3) | 0.048 |
No source control | 59 (40.1) | 32 (76.2) | < 0.001 | 29 (48.3) | 11 (68.8) | 0.081 |
Site of infection | ||||||
Bloodstream | 51 (34.7) | 25 (59.5) | < 0.001 | 22 (36.7) | 11 (68.8) | 0.005 |
Abdominal cavity | 67 (45.6) | 12 (28.6) | 0.010 | 33 (55.0) | 4 (25.0) | 0.008 |
Thoracic cavity | 17 (11.6) | 3 (7.1) | 0.397 | 2 (3.3) | 0 | 1.000 |
Pelvic cavity | 12 (8.2) | 2 (4.8) | 0.510 | 3 (5.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1.000 |
Candida species | ||||||
Candida albicans | 72 (49.0) | 18 (42.9) | 0.367 | 28 (46.7) | 4 (25.0) | 0.077 |
Candida glabrata complex | 40 (27.2) | 16 (38.1) | 0.068 | 10 (16.7) | 6 (37.5) | 0.017 |
Candida tropicalis | 11 (7.5) | 3 (7.1) | 1.000 | 10 (16.7) | 3 (18.8) | 1.000 |
Candida parapsilosis complex | 9 (6.1) | 3 (7.1) | 0.715 | 6 (10.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.653 |
Other Candida species b | 15 (10.2) | 2 (4.8) | 0.233 | 6 (10.0) | 1 (6.3) | 1.000 |
Tumor types | ||||||
Gastrointestinal | 50 (34.0) | 13 (31.0) | 0.702 | 23 (38.3) | 7 (43.8) | 0.765 |
Hepatic-pancreatic | 57 (38.8) | 19 (45.2) | 0.351 | 22 (36.7) | 4 (25.0) | 0.367 |
Hematologic malignancy | 9 (6.1) | 4 (9.5) | 0.276 | 4 (6.7) | 2 (12.5) | 0.287 |
Others c | 31 (21.1) | 6 (14.3) | 0.265 | 11 (18.3) | 3 (18.8) | 1.000 |
Co-morbidities | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus | 28 (19.0) | 9 (21.4) | 0.647 | 14 (23.3) | 4 (25.0) | 1.000 |
Live dysfunction | 30 (20.4) | 9 (21.4) | 0.825 | 14 (23.3) | 4 (25.0) | 1.000 |
Kidney dysfunction | 23 (15.6) | 8 (19.0) | 0.462 | 4 (6.7) | 3 (18.8) | 0.054 |
Respiratory dysfunction | 22 (15.0) | 4 (9.5) | 0.311 | 6 (10.0) | 3 (18.8) | 0.328 |
Cardiovascular dysfunction | 20 (13.6) | 8 (19.0) | 0.286 | 1 (1.7) | 1 (6.3) | 0.267 |