Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with diabetes and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) compared to patients with no diabetes and MERS
Variables | Diabetes N = 171 | No Diabetes N = 179 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (year), median (Q1, Q3) | 61.0 (53.0, 72.0) | 54.0 (35.0, 67.0) | < 0.0001 |
BMI (Kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3) | 29.3 (24.6, 33.3) | 28.3 (24.1, 33.0) | 0.31 |
Male sex – no. (%) | 114 (66.7) | 127 (70.9) | 0.39 |
Healthcare worker – no. (%) | 4 (2.3) | 28 (15.6) | < 0.0001 |
Community-acquired – no. (%) | 102 (59.6) | 83 (46.4) | |
Healthcare-associated (Non-healthcare worker) – no. (%) | 65 (38.0) | 68 (38.0) | |
Days from the onset of symptoms to the emergency room, median (Q1, Q3) | 5.0 (3.0, 8.0) | 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) | 0.30 |
Days from symptom onset to ICU admission, median (Q1, Q3) | 7.0 (4.0, 10.5) | 7.0 (4.0, 11.0) | 0.66 |
Days from symptom onset to intubation, median (Q1, Q3) | 8.0 (5.0, 12.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 13.0) | 0.37 |
Presenting symptoms – no. (%) | |||
 Lower respiratory | |||
  Dyspnea | 136 (79.5) | 123 (68.7) | 0.02 |
  Cough | 122 (71.3) | 117 (65.4) | 0.23 |
   With sputum | 75 (43.9) | 58 (32.4) | 0.03 |
   With bloody sputum | 11 (6.4) | 18 (10.1) | 0.22 |
  Chest pain | 36 (21.1) | 32 (17.9) | 0.45 |
  Wheezing | 10 (5.8) | 9 (5.0) | 0.74 |
 Upper respiratory | |||
  Earache | 2 (1.2) | 1 (0.6) | 0.62^ |
  Rhinorrhea | 6 (3.5) | 11 (6.1) | 0.25 |
  Sore throat | 23 (13.5) | 24 (13.4) | 0.99 |
 Systemic symptoms | |||
  Fever (temperature > 38 °C) | 130 (76.0) | 131 (73.2) | 0.54 |
  Myalgia or arthralgia | 32 (18.7) | 34 (19.0) | 0.95 |
  Headache | 14 (8.2) | 21 (11.7) | 0.27 |
  Fatigue | 66 (38.6) | 55 (30.7) | 0.12 |
  Abdominal pain | 22 (12.9) | 25 (14.0) | 0.76 |
  Lymphadenopathy | 1 (0.6) | 2 (1.1) | > 0.99^ |
  Diarrhea | 20 (11.7) | 18 (10.1) | 0.62 |
  Vomiting/nausea | 28 (16.4) | 30 (16.8) | 0.92 |
  Altered consciousness/ confusion | 44 (25.7) | 30 (16.8) | 0.04 |
  Seizures | 2 (1.2) | 2 (1.1) | > 0.99^ |
Other comorbidities – no. (%) | |||
 Chronic pulmonary disease (including asthma) | 22 (12.9) | 24 (13.4) | 0.88 |
 Liver disease | 12 (7.0) | 10 (5.6) | 0.58 |
 Chronic renal disease | 71 (41.5) | 39 (21.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Chronic cardiac disease | 95 (55.6) | 43 (24.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Chronic neurological disease | 22 (12.9) | 16 (8.9) | 0.24 |
 BMI > 30 (Kg/m2) | 55 (45.5) | 60 (40.5) | 0.42 |
 Rheumatologic disease | 2 (1.2) | 5 (2.8) | 0.45^ |
 Any malignancy including leukemia, lymphoma, or solid tumors | 14 (8.2) | 20 (11.2) | 0.35 |
 Immunosuppressant use before admission | 6 (3.5) | 15 (8.4) | 0.06 |
SOFA score on ICU day 1, median (Q1, Q3) | 9.0 (6.0, 12.0) | 8.0 (5.0, 11.0) | 0.02 |