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Table 1 Demographic data and medications among enrolled subjects

From: Hydroxychloroquine may reduce risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia in lupus patients: a Nationwide, population-based case-control study

 

Control

Case

P value

n = 348

n = 58

 Age, years

40.4 ± 17.9

40.4 ± 18.0

1.00

Gender

 Female

264 (75.9)

44 (75.9)

1.00

 Male

84 (24.1)

14 (24.1)

 

 Disease duration, mean ± SD year

5.7 ± 4.6

4.8 ± 4.3

0.16

Comorbidities within one year before the index date

 CCI without moderate to severe renal disease, mean ± SD

1.2 ± 0.8

1.7 ± 1.4

0.01

 Moderate to severe renal disease

30 (8.6)

20 (34.5)

< 0.01

Medications within 3 months before the indiex date

 Trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole

7 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

0.28

Glucocorticoids

 Usage of glucocorticoids

240 (69.0)

56 (96.6)

< 0.01

 Prednisolone equivalent, mean ± SD mg/daya

8.2 ± 19.8

36.4 ± 33.9

< 0.01

  ≤ 5 mg/day

217 (62.4)

2 (3.4)

< 0.01

 5–10 mg/day

70 (20.1)

7 (12.1)

 

  > 10 mg/day

61 (17.5)

49 (84.5)

 

 Hydroxychloroquine

189 (54.3)

22 (37.9)

0.02

 Cumulative dose (g)

9.2 ± 11.6

7.2 ± 12.0

0.23

 None

159 (45.7)

36 (62.1)

0.06

  ≤ 14 gb

94 (27.0)

12 (20.7)

 

  > 14 gb

95 (27.3)

10 (17.2)

 

 Sulfasalazine

7 (2.0)

1 (1.7)

0.88

 Cyclophosphamide

25 (7.2)

18 (31)

< 0.01

 Cumulative dose (g)

0.1 ± 0.5

0.9 ± 1.7

< 0.01

 None

323 (92.8)

40 (69.0)

< 0.01

  ≤1.4 gb

17 (4.9)

6 (10.3)

 

  > 1.4 gb

8 (2.3)

12 (20.7)

 

 Methotrexate

15 (4.3)

2 (3.4)

0.76

 Leflunomide

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

NA

 Mycophenolate mofetil /mycophenolic acid

5 (1.4)

13 (22.4)

< 0.01

 Cyclosporine

13 (3.7)

10 (17.2)

< 0.01

 Azathioprine

77 (22.1)

13 (22.4)

0.96

  1. Data were shown as number (percentage) unless specified otherwise
  2. aPrednisolone equivalent. bMedian cumulative dose. Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; NA, not applicable