Table 2 Prevalence, clinical setting, infection site of Healthcare-Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use by year of survey
2016 | 2018 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
Total No. of Patients, n (%) | 530 (48.1) | 572 (51.9) | 1102 (100.0) |
HAI Prevalence (at least one), n (%)† | 52 (9.8) | 63 (11.0) | 115 (10.4) |
Antimicrobials use prevalence (at least one), n (%)† | 239 (45.0) | 248 (42.8) | 487 (44.2) |
HAI by clinical setting, n (%)*† | 52 | 63 | 115 |
Surgery | 9 (17.3) | 6 (9.5) | 15 (13.0) |
Medicine | 27 (51.9) | 40 (63.5) | 67 (58.3) |
Geriatrics | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.6) | 1 (0.9) |
Intensive Care | 7 (13.5) | 7 (11.1) | 14 (12.2) |
Gynaecology/Obstetrics | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.8) | 3 (2.6) |
Paediatrics/Neonatology | 1 (1.9) | 2 (3.2) | 3 (2.6) |
Rehabilitation | 8 (1.5) | 4 (6.3) | 12 (10.4) |
Post-acute care | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Total No. of HAI | 63 | 74 | 137 |
HAI by infection site, n (%)‡ | |||
Pneumonia | 17 (27.0) | 24 (32.4) | 41 (29.9) |
Bloodstream Infections | 10 (15.9) | 16 (21.6) | 26 (19.0) |
Urinary Tract Infections‡ | 16 (25.4) | 5 (6.8) | 21 (15.4) |
Gastro-intestinal system infections | 6 (9.5) | 8 (10.8) | 14 (10.2) |
Surgical site infections | 4 (6.3) | 7 (9.5) | 11 (8.0) |
Clinical sepsis | 4 (6.3) | 4 (5.4) | 8 (5.8) |
Infections of ear, nose, throat, larynx and mouth | 1 (1.6) | 5 (6.8) | 6 (4.4) |
Cellulitis, wound, deep soft tissue not involving bone, not related to surgery | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.4) | 4 (2.9) |
Lower respiratory tract infections | 2 (3.2) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (2.2) |
Others | 3 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.2) |
Total No. of antimicrobials | 348 | 345 | 693 |
ATC Antimicrobial classes, n(%)† | |||
J01CR Combinations of penicillins, incl. Beta-lactamase inhibitors | 95 (27.3) | 82 (23.8) | 177 (25.6) |
J01DD Third-generation cephalosporins | 72 (20.7) | 78 (22.6) | 150 (21.6) |
J01MA Fluorochinolones | 28 (8.0) | 24 (7.0) | 52 (7.5) |
J01FA Macrolides | 13 (3.7) | 20 (5.8) | 33 (4.7) |
J02 AC Triazole derivatives | 15 (4.3) | 17 (4.9) | 32 (4.6) |
J01DH Carbapenems | 16 (4.6) | 15 (4.3) | 31 (4.5) |
J01XD Imidazole derivatives | 17 (4.9) | 14 (4.1) | 31 (4.5) |
J01XX08 Linezolid | 13 (3.7) | 16 (4.6) | 29 (4.1) |
J01XA Glycopeptide antibacterials | 12 (3.4) | 15 (4.3) | 27 (3.8) |
J01DB First-generation cephalosporins | 11 (3.2) | 14 (4.1) | 25 (3.6) |
J01FF Lincosamides | 9 (2.6) | 8 (2.3) | 17 (2.5) |
J01CA Penicillins with extended spectrum | 8 (2.3) | 7 (2.0) | 15 (2.2) |
J01GB Aminoglycosides | 12 (3.4) | 2 (0.6) | 14 (2.0) |
A07AA Intestinal anti-infectives antibiotics | 0 (0.0) | 8 (2.3) | 8 (1.1) |
J01XX09 Daptomycin | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.2) | 7 (1.0) |
Others | 24 (6.9) | 21 (6.1) | 45 (6.5) |