Table 1 General characteristics of the households/respondents surveyed. Significant p values in bold
Variable | n | Percentage | 95% CI | χ2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex of the child | Lower | Upper | ||||
Male | 127 | 52.0 | 48.5 | 58.3 | 1.302 | 0.254 |
Female | 117 | 48.0 | 41.7 | 54.2 | ||
Age of child (months) | ||||||
0–12 | 69 | 28.3 | 22.9 | 34.2 | 4.216 | 0.378 |
13–24 | 98 | 40.2 | 34.2 | 46.4 | ||
25–36 | 44 | 18.0 | 13.6 | 23.2 | ||
37–48 | 16 | 6.6 | 4.0 | 10.2 | ||
49–59 | 17 | 7.0 | 4.3 | 10.7 | ||
Number of under five children | ||||||
Up to one | 115 | 47.1 | 40.9 | 53.4 | 0.997 | 0.318 |
Two or more | 129 | 52.9 | 46.6 | 59.1 | ||
Caretaker | ||||||
Mother | 216 | 88.5 | 84.1 | 92.1 | 0.902 | 0.342 |
Others | 28 | 11.5 | 7.9 | 15.9 | ||
Age of mother/child caretaker | ||||||
6 to 15 | 6 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 6.729 | 0.035 |
16 to 30 | 159 | 65.2 | 59.0 | 70.9 | ||
≥ 31 | 79 | 32.4 | 26.7 | 38.4 | ||
Education level of the mother or child caretaker | ||||||
No formal education | 27 | 11.1 | 7.6 | 15.5 | 0.304 | 0.859 |
Primary | 166 | 68.0 | 62.0 | 73.6 | ||
Secondary and above | 51 | 20.9 | 16.2 | 26.3 | ||
Number of household member/family size | ||||||
Less than 5 | 111 | 45.5 | 39.3 | 51.8 | 10.763 | 0.005 |
6 to 9 | 94 | 38.5 | 32.6 | 44.7 | ||
10 to 15 | 39 | 16.0 | 11.8 | 21.0 | ||
Income status of the family | ||||||
Poor | 225 | 92.2 | 88.3 | 95.1 | 0.559 | 0.439 |
Rich | 19 | 7.8 | 4.9 | 11.7 | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||||
Borehole | 20 | 8.2 | 5.2 | 12.1 | 4.724 | 0.094 |
Piped water | 56 | 23.0 | 18.0 | 28.5 | ||
Wells | 168 | 68.9 | 62.8 | 74.4 | ||
Nature of water source | ||||||
Protected | 147 | 60.2 | 65.4 | 76.7 | 23.339 | < 0.001 |
Unprotected | 97 | 39.8 | 23.3 | 34.6 | ||
Houses shared with domestic animals | ||||||
No | 26 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 15.0 | 4.349 | 0.037 |
Yes | 218 | 89.3 | 85.0 | 92.8 | ||
Disposal of the youngest child’s stool | ||||||
Proper way | 197 | 80.7 | 75.4 | 85.3 | 1.411 | 0.235 |
Improper way | 47 | 19.3 | 14.7 | 24.6 | ||
Latrine availability | ||||||
Yes | 195 | 79.9 | 74.6 | 84.6 | 0.930 | 0.335 |
No | 49 | 20.1 | 15.4 | 25.4 | ||
Ownership of latrine | ||||||
Shared | 76 | 31.1 | 25.6 | 84.6 | 0.771 | 0.380 |
Private | 168 | 68.9 | 62.8 | 74.4 | ||
Environmental cleanliness | ||||||
Clean/safe | 174 | 71.3 | 65.4 | 76.7 | 0.672 | 0.412 |
Unclean/unhygienic | 70 | 28.7 | 23.3 | 34.6 | ||
Handwashing facilities near the latrine | ||||||
Yes | 35 | 14.3 | 10.4 | 19.2 | 1.640 | 0.200 |
No | 209 | 85.7 | 80.8 | 89.6 | ||
Availability of separate kitchen | ||||||
Yes | 192 | 78.7 | 73.2 | 83.5 | 7.335 | 0.007 |
No | 52 | 21.3 | 16.5 | 26.8 | ||
Racks for drying utensils | ||||||
Yes | 58 | 23.8 | 18.8 | 29.4 | 0.386 | 0.534 |
No | 186 | 76.2 | 70.6 | 81.2 | ||
Warming of cold foods | ||||||
Yes | 149 | 61.1 | 54.8 | 67.0 | 17.221 | < 0.001 |
No | 95 | 38.9 | 33.0 | 45.2 | ||
Boiling of drinking water | ||||||
Yes | 14 | 5.7 | 3.3 | 9.2 | 3.470 | 0.062 |
No | 230 | 94.3 | 90.8 | 96.7 | ||
Age of child started supplementary food | ||||||
Less than 6 months | 26 | 10.7 | 7.2 | 15.0 | 5.575 | 0.062 |
6–12 months | 203 | 83.2 | 78.1 | 87.5 | ||
> 12 months/not started | 15 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 9.7 | ||
Child weaning time | ||||||
On breastfeeding | 109 | 47 | 38.5 | 50.9 | 7.420 | 0.024 |
Weaning < 1 year | 15 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 9.7 | ||
Weaning > 1 year | 120 | 49.2 | 42.9 | 55.4 | ||
Handwashing practices at critical times | ||||||
Yes | 152 | 62.3 | 56.1 | 68.2 | 19.616 | < 0.001 |
No | 92 | 37.7 | 31.8 | 43.9 | ||
Immunization status of child | ||||||
Yes | 155 | 63.5 | 57.4 | 69.4 | 0.309 | 0.578 |
No | 89 | 36.5 | 30.6 | 42.6 | ||