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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of different degrees of CD4+T cell level in all COVID-19 patients

From: Clinical characteristics and predictive value of lower CD4+T cell level in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19: a multicenter retrospective study

Variables

All (N=395)

CD4+T: lower group (N=195)

CD4+T: higher group (N=200)

P

Missing data

Baseline

 Male/female(n)

204/191

115/80

89/111

0.004

 

 Age (years)

53.1±15.7

55.0±16.5

51.3±14.8

0.033

 

 Temperature (°C)

36.8 (36.5–37.3)

36.9 (36.6–37.6)

36.8 (36.5–37.1)

0.036

31 (7.8%)

 Heart rate (min)

85.0 (77.0–94.0)

85.0 (78.0–96.0)

84.5 (76.0–92.0)

0.103

4 (1.0%)

 SBP (mmHg)

126.0 (116.0–136.0)

126.0 (115.0–136.5)

126.0 (117.0–136.0)

0.577

6 (1.5%)

 DBP (mmHg)

78.0 (70.0–85.0)

76.0 (70.0–85.0)

78.0 (71.0–85.0)

0.741

6 (1.5%)

Symptoms and signs---No, %

 Fever on admission

263 (66.6%)

141 (72.3%)

122 (61.0%)

0.017

 

 Nasal congestion

2 (0.5%)

2 (1.0%)

0 (0%)

0.243

 

 Headache

36 (9.1%)

20 (10.3%)

16 (8.0%)

0.436

 

 Cough

257 (65.1%)

138 (70.8%)

119 (59.5%)

0.019

 

 Sore throat

22 (5.6%)

10 (5.1%)

12 (6.0%)

0.706

 

 Sputum production

102 (25.9%)

56 (28.9%)

46 (23.0%)

0.184

1 (0.3%)

 Fatigue

107 (27.2%)

59 (30.4%)

48 (24.0%)

0.153

1 (0.3%)

 Shortness of breath

118 (29.9%)

75 (38.5%)

43 (21.5%)

< 0.001

 

 Nausea or vomiting

36 (9.1%)

23 (11.8%)

13 (6.5%)

0.068

 

 Myalgia or arthralgia

34 (8.6%)

20 (10.3%)

14 (7.0%)

0.249

 

 Chill

12 (3.0%)

8 (4.1%)

4 (2.0%)

0.223

 

 Throat congestion

3 (0.8%)

0 (0%)

3 (1.5%)

0.248

 

Coexisting disorders---No, %

 Diabetes

47 (11.9%)

22 (11.3%)

25 (12.5%)

0.709

 

 Hypertension

102 (25.8%)

48 (24.6%)

54 (27.0%)

0.588

 

 Coronary heart disease

25 (6.4%)

15 (7.7%)

10 (5.1%)

0.277

3 (0.8%)

 Hepatitis B infection

9 (2.3%)

6 (3.1%)

3 (1.5%)

0.334

3 (0.8%)

 COPD

6 (1.5%)

5 (2.6%)

1 (0.5%)

0.119

3 (0.8%)

Laboratory findings

 WBC (×109/L)

5.3 (4.2–7.0)

5.0 (3.8–7.0)

5.6 (4.5–7.0)

0.008

2 (0.5%)

 Hb (g/L)

131.0 (118.5–143.0)

132.0 (117.0–143.0)

129.0 (120.0–142.3)

0.809

2 (0.5%)

 PLT (× 109/L)

189.0 (145.5–252.0)

160.0 (129.0–214.0)

220.5 (170.0–364.0)

< 0.001

2 (0.5%)

 LYM (×109/L)

1.1 (0.8–1.5)

0.8 (0.6–1.0)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

< 0.001

6 (1.5%)

 LYM< 1.1×109/L

199 (51.2%)

163 (84.5%)

27 (13.8%)

< 0.001

6 (1.5%)

 ALT (U/L)

23.0 (15.0–39.0)

24.1 (15.4–38.8)

22.0 (15.0–39.0)

0.388

4 (1.0%)

 Cr (umol/L)

64.0 (53.0–78.0)

66.5 (56.0–79.0)

61.0 (50.0–77.0)

0.005

5 (1.3%)

 D-dimer (mg/L)

0.43 (0.24–0.99)

0.50 (0.28–1.12)

0.38 (0.22–0.84)

0.023

14 (3.5%)

 K (mmol/L)

4.0 (3.7–4.3)

4.0 (3.6–4.3)

4.1 (3.7–4.3)

0.243

6 (1.5%)

 Hs-CRP (mg/L)

5.0 (2.2–22.9)

8.2 (5.0–48.5)

4.9 (1.1–7.0)

< 0.001

45 (11.4%)

 PCT (ng/ml)

0.05 (0.03–0.08)

0.06 (0.04–0.11)

0.04 (0.02–0.06)

< 0.001

21 (5.3%)

 CD4+T cell level

410.0 (265.0–567.0)

262.0 (188.0–325.0)

564.0 (478.5–716.0)

< 0.001

 

 CD8+T cell level

246.0 (154.0–348.0)

168.0 (107.0–250.0)

322.0 (244.3–443.5)

< 0.001

 

 CD4/CD8 ratio

1.6 (1.2–2.2)

1.4 (1.1–1.9)

1.8 (1.4–2.3)

< 0.001

 

Abnormalities on chest CT---No, %

 Ground-glass opacity

170 (48.7%)

78 (46.7%)

92 (50.5%)

0.473

46 (11.6%)

 Local patchy shadowing

135 (38.7%)

71 (42.5%)

64 (35.2%)

0.159

46 (11.6%)

Treatment---No, %

 Oxygen inhalation

328 (84.3%)

174 (90.2%)

154 (78.6%)

0.002

6 (1.5%)

 Glucocorticoids

94 (23.8%)

64 (32.8%)

30 (15.0%)

< 0.001

 

 Antiviral treatment

388 (98.2%)

191 (97.9%)

197 (98.5%)

0.721

 

 Intravenous immunoglobulin

71 (18.2%)

37 (19.2%)

34 (17.3%)

0.625

5 (1.3%)

 Antibiotic treatment

179 (45.3%)

112 (57.4%)

67 (33.5%)

< 0.001

 

 Antifungal treatment

4 (1.0%)

2 (1.0%)

2 (1.0%)

1.000

 

Clinical outcome

 Death (No, %)

27 (6.8%)

25 (12.8%)

2 (1.0%)

< 0.001

 
  1. Abbreviations: SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WBC white blood cell, Hb Hemoglobin, PLT platelet, LYM lymphocyte, ALT alanine aminotransferase, Cr creatinine, Hs-CRP hypersensitive C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitonin