Fig. 5

The landscape of L-DNM score for 23 wards in Tokyo. In each landscape figure, the L-DNM scores of 23 wards in Tokyo are presented annually. The orange column points to the first appearance of warning signals, the red column indicates that the scale of infection is expanding and the pink column indicates an outbreak. Obviously, the warning signals are sensitive and effective. For the 10-year landscape figures, please see Figure S1 in additional file [see Additional file 1]