Table 2 Risk factors associated with deterioration
Univariable OR (95% CI) | p value | Multivariable OR (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||||
Age, years | ||||
< 60 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
≥ 60 | 2.84 (1.41–5.72) | 0.003 | 1.48 (0.54–4.05) | 0.444 |
Sex (vs. female) | 2.00 (1.01–3.97) | 0.048 | ||
Symptoms | 0 | |||
Chest tightness | 3.01 (1.47–6.16) | 0.003 | 0.85 (0.32–2.78) | 0.918 |
Laboratory findings | ||||
White blood cell count, ×109/L | ||||
< 10 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 10 | 1.03 (0.87–18.77) | 0.075 | ||
Lymphocyte count, ×109/L | ||||
< 1 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 1 | 0.55 (0.28–1.10) | 0.092 | ||
Monocyte count, ×109/L | ||||
< 0.5 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 0.5 | 1.33 (0.62–2.87) | 0.47 | ||
D-dimer, mg/L | ||||
< 1 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
≥ 1 | 3.11 (1.46–6.62) | 0.003 | 1.82 (0.62–0.21) | 0.388 |
C-reactive protein, mg/L | ||||
< 1 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 1 | 2.07 (1.02–4.19) | 0.043 | 0.62 (0.21–1.84) | 0.276 |
α-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, U/L | ||||
< 180 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 180 | 4.72 (2.27–9.83) | < 0.001 | ||
Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | ||||
< 250 | 1 (ref) | |||
≥ 250 | 6.44 (3.05–13.62) | < 0.001 | ||
Creatine kinase, U/L | ||||
< 190 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
≥ 190 | 3.23 (1.37–7.61) | 0.007 | 1.20 (0.31–4.63) | 0.792 |
Creatinine, μmol/L | ||||
< 97 | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | ||
≥ 97 | 4.09 (1.46–11.51) | 0.008 | 2.43 (0.56–10.50) | 0.235 |
NLR | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 0.003 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 0.105 |
Comorbidities (vs no) | ||||
Any | 3.89 (1.89–8.01) | < 0.001 | 1.95 (0.58–6.51) | 0.278 |
Hypertension | 3.46 (1.64–7.31) | 0.001 | 0.67 (0.17–2.61) | 0.567 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 5.66 (1.56–20.56) | 0.008 | 9.06 (1.30–63.36) | 0.026 |
Imaging features | ||||
Initial CT score, median (IQR) | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 0.184 | ||
Maximum CT score, median (IQR) | 1.40 (1.26–1.56) | < 0.001 | 1.39 (1.21–1.60) | < 0.001 |
Others | ||||
Onset of symptoms to hospital, median (IQR), days | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.507 | ||
Hospital stay, median (IQR), days | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) | 0.002 | ||
Time from illness onset to highest CT score, median (IQR), days | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | < 0.001 | ||