Table 1 Baseline characteristics of children with and without pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization
S. pneumoniae colonization n = 76 (62.8%) | No S. pneumoniae colonization n = 45 (37.2%) | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | |||
Gender, female | 38/76 (50.0%) | 13/45 (28.9%) | 0.023 |
Age in months (median, IQR) | 10.8 (7.6–23.4) | 9.7 (4.0–23.0) | 0.169 |
Age groups | 0.948 | ||
Infants (< 12 months) | 41/76 (54.0%) | 24/45 (53.3%) | |
≥ 12 months | 35/76 (46.0%) | 21/45 (46.7%) | |
HIV infection | 0/76 (0%) | 0/45 (0%) | NA |
Vaccination status | 0.157 | ||
Fully vaccinated according to age | 63/75 (84.0%) | 33/45 (73.3%) | |
Partially vaccinated according to age | 12/75 (16.0%) | 12/45 (26.7%) | |
Not vaccinated | 0/75 (0%) | 0/45 (0%) | |
At least one other child under 5 years of age in the household | 32/76 (42.1%) | 14/45 (31.1%) | 0.229 |
6 people or more living in the household | 30/76 (39.5%) | 16/45 (36.4%) | 0.736 |
Education | 0.157 | ||
Both parents are illiterate | 10/75 (13.3%) | 8/44 (18.2%) | |
Only one parent has primary education | 17/75 (22.7%) | 4/44 (9.1%) | |
Both parents have primary education | 28/75 (37.3%) | 23/44 (52.3%) | |
At least one parent has university education | 20/75 (26.7%) | 9/44 (20.4%) | |
Employment | 1.000 | ||
Both parents are unemployed | 1/71 (1.4%) | 1/43 (2.3%) | |
Only one parent is employed | 46/71 (64.8%) | 27/43 (62.8%) | |
Both parents are employed | 24/71 (33.8%) | 15/43 (34.9%) | |
Season | 0.677 | ||
Summer | 27/76 (35.5%) | 15/45 (33.3%) | |
Fall | 30/76 (39.5%) | 16/45 (35.6%) | |
Winter | 5/76 (6.6%) | 6/45 (13.3%) | |
Spring | 14/76 (18.4%) | 8/45 (17.8%) | |
History and severity of the current episode | |||
Antibiotics started prior to admission | 10/75 (13.3%) | 14/45 (31.1%) | 0.018 |
Antibiotics prior to NPW collection | < 0.001 | ||
No | 52/76 (68.4%) | 13/45 (28.9%) | |
Yes, for less than 24 h | 13/76 (17.1%) | 14/45 (31.1%) | |
Yes, for more than 24 h | 11/76 (14.5%) | 18/45 (40.0%) | |
Days of fever prior admission (median, IQR) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (0–4) | 0.363 |
WHO severe pneumonia on admission | 55/76 (72.4%) | 38/45 (84.4%) | 0.256 |
Severe pneumonia during admission | 60/76 (79.0%) | 39/45 (86.7%) | 0.287 |
Radiological findings | |||
CXR findings | 0.051 | ||
Pneumonia endpoint | 20/67 (29.9%) | 10/38 (26.3%) | |
Other infiltrates | 7/67 (10.4%) | 11/38 (29.0%) | |
Normal | 40/67 (59.7%) | 17/38 (44.7%) | |
Laboratory findings | |||
CRP > 4 mg/dL | 10/73 (13.7%) | 8/42 (19.1%) | 0.447 |
ESR ≥ 50 mm | 13/69 (18.8%) | 4/39 (10.3%) | 0.239 |
Leucocytosis | 34/76 (44.7%) | 15/44 (34.1%) | 0.253 |
Neutrophilia | 28/76 (36.8%) | 9/44 (20.5%) | 0.061 |
Evolution and outcome | |||
Oxygen therapy during hospitalization | 52/76 (68.4%) | 34/45 (75.6%) | 0.403 |
Duration of hospitalization | 0.285 | ||
< 24 h | 3/76 (3.9%) | 2/45 (4.4%) | |
≥ 24 to < 72 h | 31/76 (40.8%) | 12/45 (26.7%) | |
≥ 72 h to < 7 days | 29/76 (38.2%) | 25/45 (55.6%) | |
≥ 7 days | 13/76 (17.1%) | 6/45 (13.3%) | |
Fatal outcome | 1/76 (1.3%) | 1/45 (2.2%) | 1.000 |
Poor prognosis, simple definition (admission to PICU and/or fatal outcome) | 10/76 (13.2%) | 7/45 (15.6%) | 0.714 |
Extended poor prognosis definition (admission to PICU, admission to HDU, fatal outcome, and/or hospitalization ≥7 days) | 23/76 (30.3%) | 15/45 (33.3%) | 0.725 |