| |
HIV + DM2+
|
HIV + DM2-
|
Controls with DM2
|
Healthy controls
|
P
|
|---|
|
n
|
18
|
18
|
19
|
25
| |
|
Age, median (range)
|
58 (46–65)
|
57 (38–67)
|
57 (49–66)
|
58 (42–66)
|
0.801
|
|
Gender (%male)
|
89
|
94
|
68
|
88
|
0.125
|
|
BMI
|
27 (25–29)
|
25 (22–27)
|
29 (27–30)
|
25 (24–26)
|
0.003
|
|
Metabolic factors
|
|
Fasting –PG
|
8.6 (7.2–10.0)
|
5.2 (5.0–5.4)*
|
8.5 (7.5–9.6)
|
5.3 (5.1–5.5)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hba1c (mmol/mol)
|
49 (44–55)
|
35 (33–37)*
|
55 (49–60)
|
37 (36–38)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Cholesterol
|
4.5 (4.1–4.9)
|
5.6 (5.0–6.1)*
|
4.2 (3.8–4.7)
|
5.5 (5.1–5.9)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
HDL
|
1.1 (0.9–1.4)
|
1.4 (1.2–1.6)
|
1.3 (1.1–1.4)
|
1.5 (1.3–1.7)*
|
0.010
|
|
LDL
|
2.3 (1.9–2.7)
|
3.4 (2.8–4.0)*
|
2.4 (1.9–2.8)
|
3.5 (3.2–3.8)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Triglyceride
|
2.7 (1.8–3.7)
|
2.0 (1.2–2.8)
|
2.0 (1.5–2.5)
|
1.4 (1.0–2.0)*
|
0.006
|
|
HOMA-IR
|
3.3 (2.6–3.9)
|
2.0 (1.6–2.3)*
|
3.3 (2.5–4.1)
|
1.7 (1.4–2.0)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fasting c-peptide, median (range)
|
0.96 (0.58–1.44)
|
1.09 (0.66–2.18)*
|
1.05(0.39–2.32)
|
0.75 (0.39–1.42)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Immunological factors
|
|
Time since HIV diagnosis (months)
|
168 (116–219)
|
205 (147–263)
|
–
|
–
|
0.413
|
|
CD4 count
|
689 (537–842)
|
656 (506–807)
|
1197 (986–1408)*
|
822 (711–932)
|
< 0.001
|
|
CD8 count
|
885 (748–1023)
|
1003 (737–1270)
|
485 (436–735)*
|
446 (364–528)*
|
< 0.001
|
|
Nadir CD4
|
188 (114–262)
|
219 (118–320)
|
–
|
–
|
0.608
|
|
HIV RNA (copies/mL)
|
28 (15–42)
|
29 (16–43)
|
–
|
–
|
0.845
|
|
Medication (current)
|
|
HIV treatment duration (months)
|
130 (97–164)
|
125 (87–164)
|
–
|
–
|
0.835
|
|
Lipid lowering drug (%)
|
72
|
6
|
58
|
16
|
< 0.001
|
|
Insulin (%)
|
24
|
–
|
6
|
–
|
0.129
|
|
Metformin (%)
|
67
|
–
|
68
|
–
|
0.909
|
|
GLP-1 (%)
|
6
|
–
|
26
|
–
|
0.087
|
|
DPP-4 (%)
|
11
|
–
|
11
|
–
|
0.954
|
|
Sulphonylureas (%)
|
28
|
–
|
21
|
–
|
0.634
|
|
Special diet (%)
|
6
|
–
|
21
|
–
|
0.168
|
- Differences between groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by t-test for comparison between HIV + DM2+ and the 3 control groups when ANOVA test was < 0.05. *p ≤ 0.05 compared to HIV + DM2+. For categorical data Pearson chi-square test was used. Results are given as mean (95% CI) if not otherwise stated. Participants could receive more than one type of drug for diabetes treatment and can be included in more than one treatment category except in the diet group. Participants were only registered as diet treated if this was the only treatment they received for their type 2 diabetes. Abbreviations: HIV + DM2+ Persons living with HIV with diabetes mellitus type 2, HIV + DM2- Persons living with HIV without diabetes mellitus type 2, BMI Body mass index, Fasting-PG Fasting plasma glucose, Hba1c Hemoglobin A1c, HDL High density lipoprotein, LDL Low density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance
