Skip to main content

Table 3 The patient characteristics prior to the infection of hospital-acquired influenza A

From: Risk factors for hospital-acquired influenza A and patient characteristics: a matched case-control study

Variables

Hospital-acquired influenza A No. (%)

Matched controls No. (%)

P value

Age, years, median (IQR)

58 (41.50–69.0)

59 (43.50–68.50)

0.971

Sex

 Male

50 (53.8)

49 (52.7)

0.883

History of smoking

24 (25.8)

20 (21.5)

0.490

Underlying disease

 Hypertension

39 (41.9)

34 (36. 6)

0.453

 Diabetes

16 (17.2)

14 (15.1)

0.690

 COPD

6 (6.5)

7 (7.5)

0.774

 Coronary heart disease

20 (21.5)

22 (23.7)

0.726

 Chronic renal failure

3 (3.2)

1 (1.1)

0.621

 Malignancya

6 (6.5)

8 (8.6)

0.578

 Immunosuppressionb

15 (16.1)

16 (17.2)

0.844

 Hematologic disease

13 (14.0)

13 (14.0)

1.000

 Cerebrovascular disease

19 (20.4)

15 (16.1)

0.448

 Autoimmune disease

14 (15.1)

10 (10.8)

0.382

Pregnancy

1 (1.1)

1 (1.1)

1.000

Pneumonia on admission

25 (26.9)

19 (20.4)

0.301

Laboratory findings

 Leukocyte count, /mm3, median (IQR)

7000 (4700–9350)

6300 (4650–9700)

0.691

 Leukocytopeniac

16 (17.2)

10 (10.8)

0.205

 Neutrophilic granulocyte count, /mm3, median (IQR)

4650 (2780–6970)

3950 (2240–6410)

0.415

 Neutrophilopeniad

16 (17.2)

11 (11.8)

0.298

 Lymphocyte count, /mm3, median (IQR)

1070 (630–1660)

1300 (880–1820)

0.045

 Lymphocytopeniae

48 (51.6)

33 (35.5)

0.027

 Hemoglobin, g/L, median (IQR)

108 (87.5–133.5)

119 (97–139.5)

0.068

 Anaemiaf

52 (55.9)

42 (45.2)

0.142

 Platelet count, /mm3, median (IQR)

180,000 (111500–256,500)

180,000 (141000–250,000)

0.351

 Thrombocytopeniag

25 (26.9)

17 (18.3)

0.161

 ALT, IU/L, median (IQR)

22 (14.5–35.5)

24 (16–37.5)

0.446

 ALT > 50 IU/L

15 (16.1)

11 (11.8)

0.398

 AST, IU/L, median (IQR)

22 (17–36.5)

22 (17.5–35)

0.601

 AST > 40 IU/L

18 (19.4)

16 (17.2)

0.704

 ALB, g/L, median (IQR)

35.6 (31.55–39.15)

38.5 (34.75–42.20)

0.001

 Hypoalbuminemiah

73 (78.5)

53 (57.0)

0.002

 TBIL, μmol/L, median (IQR)

12.4 (8.2–19.5)

13.7 (8.75–17.05)

0.691

 TBIL > 20.5 μmol/L

18 (19.4)

17 (18.3)

0.851

 DBIL, umol/L, median (IQR)

5.1 (3.2–8.55)

5.3 (3.1–7.75)

0.932

 DBIL > 6.8 μmol/L

32 (34.4)

31 (33.3)

0.877

 BUN, mmol/L, median (IQR)

5.62 (4.25–7.57)

5.68 (4.71–7.76)

0.622

 BUN > 8 mmol/L

21 (22.6)

22 (23.7)

0.862

 CRE, μmol /L, median (IQR)

61 (50.5–81.5)

60 (48.5–76.0)

0.489

 CRE > 97 μmol /L

13 (14.0)

14 (15.1)

0.835

 K+, mmol/L, mean (SD)

4.12 (0.62)

4.03 (0.49)

0.254

 K+ < 3.5 mmol/L

14 (15.1)

12 (12.9)

0.672

 Na+, mmol/L, mean (SD)

139.91 (4.81)

140.02 (4.44)

0.873

 Na+ < 137 mmol/L

25 (26.9)

19 (20.4)

0.301

 Ca+, mmol/L, mean (SD)

2.14 (0.19)

2.17 (0.17)

0.157

 Ca+ < 2.11 mmol/L

37 (39.8)

30 (32.3)

0.285

Radiographic findings

 Pleural effusioni

25 (26.9)

9 (9.7)

0.002

Corticosteroidj

47 (50.5)

40 (43.0)

0.304

 Corticosteroid, days, median, (IQR)

6 (3–7)

6 (3–8.5)

0.464

Influenza vaccinek

1/76 (1.3)

2/85 (2.4)

1.000

Length of hospital stay, days, median (IQR)

18 (12–27.5)

14 (11–20)

0.002

Mortality

10 (10.8)

2 (2.2)

0.017

  1. Data are expressed as frequencies and percentages in parenthesis unless otherwise stated; IQR Interquartile range (25th to 75th percentile); SD Standard deviation
  2. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ALT Alanine aminotransferase; AST Aspartate aminotransferase; ALB Albumin; TBIL Total bilirubin; DBIL Direct Bilirubin; BUN Blood urea nitrogen; CRE Creatinine; K+ Plasma potassium; Na+ Plasma sodium; Ca+ Serum calcium;
  3. a Malignancy: cancer or hematological malignancies;
  4. b Immunosuppression: chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 1 month before illness onset, using immunosuppressive therapy with a daily dose of ≥20 mg prednisolone (or its equivalent) for more than 15 continuous days before onset of the illness, and hematopoietic stem cells or solid organ transplant < 10 years
  5. c Leukocytopenia: leukocyte count < 3500/mm3
  6. d Neutrophilopenia: neutrophilic granulocyte count < 1800/mm3
  7. e Lymphocytopenia: lymphocyte count < 1100/mm3
  8. f Anemia: hemoglobin < 120 g/L for men and < 110 g/L for women
  9. g Thrombocytopenia: platelet count < 125 /mm3
  10. h Hypoalbuminemia: ALB < 40 g/L
  11. i Pleural effusion: on single or both sides found by radiographic
  12. j Corticosteroid: intravenous drip or atomizing inhalation
  13. k Influenza vaccine: vaccination coverage was 1 in 76 and 2 in 85, respectively, due to death and loss of follow-up
Back to article page

BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

Contact us