Table 2 Types of antibiotic agents and antibiotic prescribing rates in four types of pediatric wards
Antibiotic classes | Number of Participants [n(%)] (n = 3975) | Antibiotic agents | Number of Participants [n (%)] (n = 3975) | Prophylaxis a [n (%)] (n = 648) | Therapy a [n (%)] (n = 1947) | General pediatric medical wards (n = 1514) | Pediatric surgical wards (n = 1430) | PICU (n = 200) | Neonatal wards (n = 831) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cephalosporins | 1743 (43.8) | cefuroxime | 594 (14.9) | 297 (45.8) | 301 (15.5) | 257 (17.0) | 306 (21.4) | 30 (15.0) | 1 (0.1) |
ceftriaxone | 387 (9.7) | 81 (12.5) | 315 (16.2) | 255 (16.8) | 111 (7.8) | 9 (4.5) | 12 (1.4) | ||
cefotaxime | 358 (9.0) | 24 (3.7) | 344 (17.7) | 32 (2.1) | 8 (0.6) | 8 (4.0) | 310 (37.3) | ||
cefoperazone/sulbactam | 236 (5.9) | 54 (8.3) | 189 (9.7) | 73 (4.8) | 105 (7.3) | 46 (23.0) | 12 (1.4) | ||
cefonicid | 49 (1.2) | 37 (5.7) | 13 (0.7) | 11 (0.7) | 37 (2.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | ||
cefotiam | 33 (0.8) | 21 (3.2) | 12 (0.6) | 11 (0.7) | 22 (1.5) | 0 | 0 | ||
ceftazidime | 29 (0.7) | 7 (1.1) | 22 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 14 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 11 (1.3) | ||
cefaclor | 26 (0.7) | 18 (2.8) | 8 (0.4) | 5 (0.3) | 19 (1.3) | 0 | 2 (0.2) | ||
cefixime | 22 (0.6) | 8 (1.2) | 16 (0.8) | 6 (0.4) | 5 (0.3) | 3 (1.5) | 8 (1.0) | ||
cefepime | 6 (0.2) | 0 | 6 (0.3) | 5 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
cefdinir | 3 (0.1) | 0 | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Penicillins | 526 (13.2) | ampicillin/sulbactam | 239 (6.0) | 33 (5.1) | 212 (10.9) | 27 (1.8) | 15 (1.0) | 29 (14.5) | 168 (20.2) |
amoxycillin/clavulanic acid | 113 (2.8) | 0 | 113 (5.8) | 104 (6.9) | 0 | 4 (2.0) | 5 (0.6) | ||
ticarcillin/clavulanic acid | 99 (2.5) | 15 (2.3) | 85 (4.4) | 1 (0.1) | 35 (2.4) | 0 | 63 (7.6) | ||
penicillin | 59 (1.5) | 3 (0.5) | 56 (2.9) | 36 (2.4) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 21 (2.5) | ||
amoxicillin/sulbactam | 5 (0.1) | 0 | 5 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.2) | ||
mezlocillin | 5 (0.1) | 0 | 5 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 (0.6) | ||
piperacillin | 4 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 0 | 3 (0.3) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | ||
oxacillin | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
cloxacillin | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | ||
Carbapenems | 347 (8.7) | meropenem | 320 (8.1) | 32 (4.9) | 298 (15.3) | 89 (5.9) | 69 (4.8) | 47 (23.5) | 115 (13.8) |
imipenem/cilastatin | 27 (0.7) | 1 (0.2) | 27 (1.4) | 17 (1.1) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (3.0) | 1 (0.1) | ||
Nitroimidazoles | 281 (7.1) | ornidazole | 159 (4.0) | 90 (13.9) | 76 (3.9) | 4 (0.3) | 154 (10.8) | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
metronidazole | 121 (3.0) | 58 (9.0) | 66 (3.4) | 6 (0.4) | 89 (6.2) | 2 (1.0) | 24 (2.9) | ||
tinidazole | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
Macrolides | 257 (6.5) | azithromycin | 220 (5.5) | 0 | 220 (11.3) | 195 (12.9) | 3 (0.2) | 22 (11.0) | 0 |
erythromycin cyclic | 22 (0.6) | 0 | 22 (1.1) | 9 (0.6) | 0 | 9 (4.5) | 4 (0.5) | ||
acetyl midecamycin | 11 (0.3) | 0 | 11 (0.6) | 8 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (1.0) | 0 | ||
clarithromycin | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
roxithromycin | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | ||
acetylspiramycin | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | ||
Glycopeptides | 124 (3.1) | vancomycin | 115 (2.9) | 14 (2.2) | 104 (5.3) | 45 (3.0) | 32 (2.2) | 15 (7.5) | 23 (2.8) |
demethyl vancomycin | 8 (0.2) | 0 | 8 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.3) | 0 | 2 (0.2) | ||
teicoplanin | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
Lincosamides | 30 (0.8) | clindamycin | 30 (0.8) | 15 (2.3) | 15 (0.8) | 1 (0.1) | 29 (2.0) | 0 | 0 |
Cephalomycins | 26 (0.7) | cefoxitin | 19 (0.5) | 15 (2.3) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 18 (1.3) | 0 | 0 |
cefotetan | 6 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 6 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
cefmetazole | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
Sulfonamides | 23 (0.6) | compound sulfamethoxazole | 23 (0.6) | 6 (0.9) | 19 (1.0) | 22 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
Linezolid | 16 (0.4) | linezolid | 16 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 15 (0.8) | 11 (0.7) | 3 (0.2) | 2 (1.0) | 0 |
Aminoglycosides | 12 (0.3) | isepamicin | 8 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 8 (0.4) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 5 (2.5) | 0 |
streptomycin | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
amikacin | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | ||
Fosfomycin | 9 (0.2) | fosfomycin | 9 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 9 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 7 (3.5) | 0 |
Furans | 5 (0.1) | nitrofurantoin | 5 (0.1) | 0 | 5 (0.3) | 0 | 2 (0.1) | 3 (1.5) | 0 |
Tetracyclines | 4 (0.1) | minocycline | 4 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.2) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
Glycylcyclines | 2 (0.1) | tigecycline | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 |
Quinolones | 2 (0.1) | norfloxacin | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 0 |
ciprofloxacin | 1 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 0 | ||
Aztreonam | 1 (0.0) | aztreonam | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 1 (0.05) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.1) |
Antifungals | 92 (2.3) | fluconazole | 43 (1.1) | 3 (0.5) | 41 (2.1) | 35 (2.3) | 0 | 3 (1.5) | 5 (0.6) |
voriconazole | 23 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | 23 (1.18) | 13 (0.9) | 1 (0.1) | 6 (3.0) | 3 (0.4) | ||
itraconazole | 21 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) | 19 (1.0) | 13 (0.9) | 2 (0.1) | 6 (3.0) | 0 | ||
amphotericin B liposome | 5 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 5 (0.3) | 3 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.1) |