|
Exposure of interest
|
Proportion distribution of exposure n (%)
|
Univariable model
|
Multivariable model
|
|---|
|
Outcome
|
No outcome
|
RR [95% CI]
|
P-value
|
RR [95% CI]
|
P-value
|
|---|
|
Low birth weight outcomec
|
|
Placental malaria
| | |
n = 922
| |
n = 922
| |
|
Negative
|
72 (8.7)
|
756 (91.3)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
DNA PCR positive
|
7 (5.4)
|
123 (94.6)
|
0.46 [0.25, 0.85]
|
0.01
|
0.58 [0.23, 1.45]d
|
0.25
|
|
Histopathology positive
|
7 (7.8)
|
83 (92.2)
|
0.86 [0.50, 1.46]
|
0.57
|
0.90 [0.43, 1.90]d
|
0.79
|
|
Premature births outcomee
|
|
Placental malaria
| | |
n = 917
| |
n = 917
| |
|
Negative
|
175 (21.2)
|
651 (78.8)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
DNA PCR positive
|
32 (24.8)
|
97 (75.2)
|
1.10 [0.87, 1.40]
|
0.42
|
1.14 [0.90, 1.45]
|
0.27
|
|
Histopathology positive
|
24 (26.7)
|
66 (73.3)
|
1.18 [0.90, 1.53]
|
0.23
|
1.16 [0.89, 1.52]
|
0.26
|
|
Small for gestational age outcomee
|
|
Placental malaria
| | |
n = 892
| |
n = 892
| |
|
Negative
|
144 (18.0)
|
656 (82.0)
|
Ref
| |
Ref
| |
|
DNA PCR positive
|
16 (12.4)
|
113 (87.6)
|
0.60 [0.42, 0.86]
|
0.01
|
0.61 [0.43, 0.88]
|
0.01
|
|
Histopathology positive
|
20 (22.5)
|
69 (77.5)
|
1.25 [0.94, 1.65]
|
0.13
|
1.30 [0.98, 1.72]
|
0.07
|
- RR is a relative risk
- CI is the confidence interval
- The negative placental test was referring to negative to both PCR and histopathology tests
- a All multivariable models were adjusted for employment, years of education, wealth quartiles, supplements regimen, gravidity, use of combination malaria preventions, twin pregnant status, BMI, and anemia status at baseline
- b Weighted models were used to account for missing placenta samples for placental malaria diagnosis
- c Low birth weight is defined as live born with a birth weight below 2.5 kg
- d Multivariate Poisson distribution was applied to estimate relative risk because of the log-binomial model did not converge with desired covariates
- e Premature births were defined as live born delivered before 37 weeks of gestation
- e Small for gestational age birth was defined as live born infants with a birth weight below 10th percentile for sex and gestational age, based on INTERGROWTH-21st standards
