Table 2 Distribution of baseline characteristics of pregnant women by placental malaria outcome, 2010–2014, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania
Characteristics | Placental test results | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Negativea | DNA PCR Positive | Histopathology positive | ||
Overall, n (%) | 886 (79.5) | 136 (12.2) | 93 (8.3) | 1115 (100) |
Maternal age in years, median (IQR) | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–26) | 22 (20–25) | 22 (20–25) |
Maternal age in years, n (%) | ||||
  ≤ 24 | 624 (70.6) | 91 (67.9) | 65 (69.9) | 780 (70.2) |
 25–34 | 249 (28.2) | 40 (29.9) | 27 (29.0) | 316 (28.4) |
  ≥ 35 | 11 (1.2) | 3 (2.2) | 1 (1.1) | 15 (1.4) |
Gestational age in weeksb, median (IQR) | 10.6 (8.4–12.1) | 10.1 (8.0–12.4) | 11.3 (8.9–12.6) | 10.4 (8.3–12.3) |
Employment, n (%) | ||||
 Employedc | 283 (32.3) | 32 (23.7) | 25 (27.2) | 340 (30.8) |
 Unemployed | 451 (51.4) | 79 (58.5) | 60 (65.2) | 590 (53.4) |
 Other | 143 (16.3) | 24 (17.8) | 7 (7.6) | 174 (15.8) |
Marital status, n (%) | ||||
 Living singled | 92 (10.5) | 11 (8.1) | 9 (9.7) | 112 (10.1) |
 Married or cohabitating | 787 (89.5) | 124 (91.9) | 84 (90.3) | 995 (89.9) |
Years of education, n (%) | ||||
 0–7 | 630 (71.1) | 106 (77.9) | 71 (76.3) | 807 (72.4) |
 8–11 | 198 (22.4) | 25 (18.4) | 21 (22.6) | 244 (21.9) |
  ≥ 12 | 58 (6.5) | 5 (3.7) | 1 (1.1) | 64 (5.7) |
Wealth quartile, n (%) | ||||
 1 (Lowest) | 227 (27.6) | 33 (25.8) | 19 (21.8) | 279 (26.9) |
 2 | 194 (23.5) | 22 (17.2) | 24 (27.6) | 240 (23.1) |
 3 | 252 (30.6) | 43 (33.6) | 23 (26.4) | 318 (30.6) |
 4 (Highest) | 151 (18.3) | 30 (23.4) | 21 (24.1) | 202 (19.4) |
Number of previous pregnancies, n (%) | ||||
 First | 430 (48.6) | 63 (46.3) | 44 (47.3) | 537 (48.2) |
 Second | 454 (51.4) | 73 (53.7) | 49 (52.7) | 576 (51.8) |
Twin pregnancy, n (%) | ||||
 Not twin | 864 (97.5) | 136 (100) | 90 (96.8) | 1090 (97.8) |
 Twin | 22 (2.5) | 0 | 3 (3.2) | 25 (2.2) |
Uses fumigation or mosquito coils or net at night, n (%) | ||||
 No | 55 (6.3) | 13 (9.8) | 7 (7.6) | 75 (6.8) |
 Yes | 824 (93.7) | 120 (90.2) | 85 (92.4) | 1029 (93.2) |
Mid-upper arm circumference in cm, median (IQR) | 26.0 (24.0–28.0) | 26.0 (24.5–28.7) | 27.0 (24.3–28.8) | 26.0 (24.0–28.0) |
Body mass index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 22.5 (20.1–25.9) | 23.5 (20.9–25.8) | 23.4 (20.9–26.7) | 22.8 (20.3–25.9) |
Body mass index (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||
 Underweight | 106 (12.1) | 5 (3.7) | 7 (7.5) | 118 (10.6) |
 Normal | 515 (58.5) | 84 (61.8) | 55 (59.1) | 654 (59.0) |
 Overweight or obese | 259 (29.4) | 47 (34.5) | 31 (33.3) | 337 (30.4) |
Hemoglobin in g/dL, median (IQR) | 11.7 (10.8–12.4) | 11.4 (10.7–12.2) | 11.5 (10.4–12.5) | 11.6 (10.8–12.4) |
Anemia status, n (%) | ||||
 Not anemic (Hb ≥ 11.0 g/dL) | 612 (72.0) | 88 (66.7) | 58 (63.7) | 758 (70.6) |
 Anemic (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) | 238 (28.0) | 44 (33.3) | 33 (36.3) | 315 (29.4) |
Peripheral malaria, n (%) | ||||
 Negative | 832 (98.5) | 131 (100) | 79 (90.8) | 1042 (98.0) |
 Positive | 13 (1.5) | 0 | 8 (9.2) | 21 (2.0) |