|
Baseline characteristics
|
|
Male sex
|
1067 (82%)
|
100 (92.6%)
|
0.005
|
|
Age (years)
|
38 (30–49)
|
49.5 (39.5–60)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Age group (years)
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
15–24
|
113 (8.7%)
|
3 (2.8%)
| |
|
25–34
|
391 (30.1%)
|
12 (11.1%)
| |
|
35–44
|
353 (27.1%)
|
24 (22.2%)
| |
|
45–54
|
250 (19.2%)
|
25 (23.1%)
| |
|
55–64
|
138 (10.6%)
|
28 (25.9%)
| |
|
≥ 65
|
56 (4.3%)
|
16 (14.8%)
| |
|
Nationality according to WHO region
| | |
0.005
|
|
African Region
|
27 (2.1%)
|
2 (1.9%)
| |
|
Eastern Mediterranean Region
|
449 (34.5%)
|
36 (33.3%)
| |
|
European Region
|
22 (1.7%)
|
2 (1.9%)
| |
|
Region of the Americas
|
11 (0.8%)
|
2 (1.9%)
| |
|
South-East Asia Region
|
739 (56.8%)
|
52 (48.1%)
| |
|
Western Pacific Region
|
53 (4.1%)
|
14 (13%)
| |
|
Healthcare workers
|
60 (4.6%)
|
3 (2.8%)
|
0.48
|
|
Pregnant
|
18 (1.4%)
|
1 (0.9%)
|
1.0
|
|
Diabetes mellitus
|
275 (21.1%)
|
52 (48.1%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hypertension
|
248 (19.1%)
|
52 (48.1%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Coronary artery disease
|
31 (2.4%)
|
10 (9.3%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Chronic lung disease
|
73 (5.6%)
|
10 (9.3%)
|
0.12
|
|
Chronic liver disease
|
14 (1.1%)
|
4 (3.7%)
|
0.043
|
|
Chronic kidney disease
|
21 (1.6%)
|
13 (12%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Malignancy
|
18 (1.4%)
|
2 (1.9%)
|
0.66
|
|
Number of comorbidities
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
None
|
859 (66.0%)
|
35 (32.4%)
| |
|
One comorbidity
|
268 (20.6%)
|
33 (30.6%)
| |
|
Two comorbidities
|
124 (9.5%)
|
20 (18.5%)
| |
|
More than two comorbidities
|
50 (3.8%)
|
20 (18.5%)
| |
|
Current or past smoker
|
121/806 (15%)
|
9/52 (17.3%)
|
0.71
|
|
Mode of presentation
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
Screening or contact tracing
|
390/1293 (30.2%)
|
0
| |
|
Symptomatic
|
903/1293 (69.8%)
|
108 (100%)
| |
|
Symptoms
|
|
Fever
|
710/1289 (55.1%)
|
105 (97.2%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Cough
|
730/1289 (56.6%)
|
97 (89.8%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Sore throat
|
345/1289 (26.8%)
|
21 (19.4%)
|
0.11
|
|
Rhinorrhea
|
130/1289 (10.1%)
|
1 (0.9%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dyspnea
|
156/1289 (12.1%)
|
56 (51.9%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Fatigue
|
121/1289 (9.4%)
|
15 (13.9%)
|
0.13
|
|
Generalized pain
|
265/1289 (19.9%)
|
21 (19.4%)
|
0.9
|
|
Diarrhea
|
53/1289 (4.1%)
|
2 (1.9%)
|
0.43
|
|
Nausea and/or vomiting
|
52/1289 (4.0%)
|
10 (9.3%)
|
0.024
|
|
Measurements, vital signs, and laboratory results within the first 24 h of hospitalization
|
|
Body mass indexa (kg/m2)
|
26.6 (23.8–29.7)
|
28.2 (25.8–31.6)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Systolic blood pressure† (mmHg)
|
117.0 (108–127)
|
116 (103.5–126)
|
0.074
|
|
Temperatureb (o C)
|
37.0 (36.8–37.9)
|
37.8 (37.1–38.7)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Hear ratec (beats per minute)
|
86 (78–97)
|
95 (86–108)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Respiratory rated (breaths per minute)
|
19 (18–20)
|
26.5 (20–32.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Oxygen saturatione (%)
|
98 (96–99)
|
94 (91–96)
|
< 0.001
|
|
White blood cell countf (×109 cells per L)
|
6.4 (5.0–7.9)
|
6.6 (5.2–8.6)
|
0.058
|
|
Lymphocyte countg (× 109 cells per L)
|
1.7 (1.2–2.2)
|
1.0 (0.7–1.3)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Platelet countg (×109 cells per L)
|
235 (189–283)
|
202.5 (171.5–242.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Serum sodiumh (mmol/L)
|
138 (136–140)
|
135 (133–137)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Serum creatininei (μmol/L)
|
80 (68–90)
|
90 (76.5–108.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
CRPj (mg/L)
|
7.0 (5–33.8)
|
107.7 (55.3–169.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ALTk (U/L)
|
27 (19–40)
|
32 (21.5–50.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Chest radiology showing pulmonary infiltrates
|
457/1275 (35.8%)
|
102 (94.4%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Management
|
|
Highest respiratory support in the first 24 h of hospitalization
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
Ambient air
|
1226 (94.2%)
|
7 (6.5%)
| |
|
Oxygen via face mask or nasal canulae
|
75 (5.8%)
|
45 (41.7%)
| |
|
Non–invasive mechanical ventilation
|
0
|
14 (13%)
| |
|
Invasive mechanical ventilation
|
0
|
42 (38.9%)
| |
|
Invasive mechanical ventilation anytime during hospitalization
|
0
|
91 (84.3%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Vasopressor support
|
2 (0.2%)
|
66 (61.1%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Renal replacement therapy
|
4 (0.3%)
|
16 (14.8%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Antiviral and Anti–inflammatory Therapy
| | | |
|
Hydroxychloroquine
|
936 (71.9%)
|
108 (100.0%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Azithromycin
|
791 (60.8%)
|
107 (99.1%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Lopinavir–ritonavir
|
435 (33.4%)
|
87 (80.6%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Ribavirin
|
33 (2.5%)
|
74 (68.5%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Interferon
|
1 (0.1%)
|
26 (24.1%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Tocilizumab
|
12 (0.9%)
|
99 (91.7%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Systemic corticosteroids
|
7 (0.5%)
|
71 (65.7%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Complications
|
|
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
|
0
|
94 (87%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Acute kidney injury
|
20 (1.5%)
|
47 (43.5%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Myocardial injury
|
4 (0.3%)
|
16 (14.8%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Thromboembolism
|
0
|
3 (2.8%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Arrhythmia
|
0
|
4 (3.7%)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Length of stay (days)
|
|
Hospital length of stay
|
7 (3–12)
|
24.5 (19–37.5)
|
< 0.001
|
|
ICU length of stay
|
NA
|
12 (8–21)
|
NA
|
