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Table 1 Defintions of covariates

From: Finding gaps in TB notifications: spatial analysis of geographical patterns of TB notifications, associations with TB program efforts and social determinants of TB risk in Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan

Theme

Covariatea

Definition

Access to healthcare

 Health facility density

Number of health facilities per 100,000 population.

 Vaccination coverage

Percentage of fully immunized children between 12 and 23 months.

 Under-five mortality rate

Number of deaths of children under five per 1000 live births.

Socioeconomic status

 Poverty headcount ratio

Percentage of the total population living below the national poverty line.

 Literacy rate

Percentage of the population older than 15 who can read and write.

Demography & key populations

 Sex ratio

Number of males per 100 females.

 Elderly population

Percentage of population over 65 years of age.

 Ageing index

Number of persons aged 60 or over per 100 persons under the age of 15.

 Stunting

Percentage of children under five with a height-for-age z-score below −2 standard deviations, from the median of the reference population.

 Migrant distribution

Percentage of total internal migrant population per area.

 Miners

Percentage of wage earners in mining industry/ total population in mining and quarrying industry.

 Population density

Number of persons per square kilometre.

 Security

Districts of Pakistan that were frequently reported as “insecure”.

Quality of TB diagnostic and treatment services

 Testing rate

Number of persons tested for TB per 100,000 population.

 Test positivity rate

Percentage of tested individuals with a positive test result.

 Bacteriologically diagnosed

Proportion of total cases with a bacteriologically confirmed test result.

 Treatment success rate

Proportion of notified cases who have completed their treatment.

  1. aNot all covariates were available for all countries