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Table 2 Univariate and multinomial logistic regression analysis of demographic and clinical characteristics of hospitalised patients with invasive, non-invasive, and non-pneumococcal disease

From: Epidemiology, vaccine effectiveness, and risk factors for mortality for pneumococcal disease among hospitalised adults in Singapore: a case-control study

Characteristics

IPD (N = 92), N(%)

Non-IPD (N = 404), N(%)

Non-pneumococcal disease (N = 9181), N(%)

p value for trend

RRR1 (95% CI) (IPD vs non-pneumococcal disease)

p value

RRR2 (95% CI) (Non-IPD vs non-pneumococcal disease)

p value

Age, mean (years) ± SD

61.5 ± 16.3

70.8 ± 14.7

72.2 ± 16.1

< 0.001

    

Age group

   

< 0.001

    

  < 65 years

50 (54.4)

120 (29.7)

2449 (26.7)

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 65-74 years

22 (23.9)

103 (25.5)

1885 (20.5)

 

0.65 (0.39–1.09)

0.101

1.17 (0.89–1.54)

0.258

 75-84 years

14 (15.2)

117 (29.0)

2719 (29.6)

 

0.31 (0.17–0.56)

< 0.001

0.96 (0.74–1.25)

0.774

  ≥ 85 years

6 (6.5)

64 (15.8)

2128 (23.2)

 

0.19 (0.09–0.44)

< 0.001

0.72 (0.52–0.98)

0.038

Gender = male

66 (71.7)

259 (64.1)

5035 (54.8)

< 0.001

1.87 (1.18–2.96)

0.008

1.42 (1.15–1.76)

0.001

Ethnicity

   

0.202

    

 Chinese

63 (68.5)

296 (73.3)

6940 (75.6)

     

 Malay

11 (12.0)

50 (12.4)

852 (9.3)

     

 Indian

11 (12.0)

28 (6.9)

788 (8.6)

     

 Others

7 (7.6)

30 (7.4)

601 (6.6)

     

Nursing home residence

2 (2.2)

2 (0.5)

96 (1.1)

0.247

    

Vaccination status (received ≥ 14 days prior to admission)

 PCV13

1 (1.1)

5 (1.2)

105 (1.1)

0.861

    

 PPSV23

2 (2.2)

76 (18.8)

1632 (17.8)

< 0.001

    

 Any pneumococcal vaccination

3 (3.3)

77 (19.1)

1695 (18.5)

0.001

0.20 (0.06–0.69)

0.011

1.05 (0.77–1.43)

0.771

 Influenza vaccination

6 (6.5)

69 (17.1)

1392 (15.2)

0.039

0.83 (0.34–2.02)

0.685

1.16 (0.84–1.60)

0.371

Co-morbidities

 Charlson’s score, median (IQR)

1 (0–4)

2 (1–4)

3 (1–5)

< 0.001

    

 Charlson’s score > 3

26 (28.3)

111 (27.5)

3753 (40.9)

< 0.001

0.72 (0.45–1.15)

0.170

0.55 (0.44–0.68)

< 0.001

 Myocardial infarction / Congestive heart failure

31 (33.7)

112 (27.7)

2718 (29.6)

0.492

    

 Cerebrovascular disease

6 (6.5)

60 (14.9)

1737 (18.9)

0.001

    

 Dementia

3 (3.3)

51 (12.6)

1529 (16.7)

< 0.001

    

 Chronic pulmonary disease

14 (15.2)

135 (33.4)

2513 (27.4)

0.001

    

 Liver disease

5 (5.4)

22 (5.5)

604 (6.6)

0.667

    

 Diabetes mellitus

24 (26.1)

123 (30.5)

3548 (38.7)

< 0.001

    

 Renal disease

19 (20.7)

74 (18.3)

2665 (29.0)

< 0.001

    

 Any malignancy

11 (12.0)

42 (10.4)

1232 (13.4)

0.201

    

Outcomes

 ICU admission

19 (20.7)

35 (8.7)

574 (6.3)

< 0.001

    

 Length of stay (days), median (IQR)

9 (8–17)

8 (5–14)

8 (5–13)

0.003

    

 Length of stay > 7 days

71 (77.2)

204 (50.5)

4918 (53.6)

< 0.001

    

 In-hospital mortality

24 (26.1)

46 (11.4)

836 (9.1)

< 0.001

    

 30-day in-hospital mortality

8 (8.7)

25 (6.2)

465 (5.1)

0.096

    

Readmission for any pneumococcal infection

 Anytime during study period

0 (0.0)

6 (1.5)

16 (0.2)

0.001

    

 Within 30 days from discharge date

0 (0.0)

1 (0.25)

2 (0.02)

0.146

    
  1. Variables included in the final multivariable analysis were age group, gender, any pneumococcal vaccination, influenza vaccination, and Charlson’s score > 3. IPD invasive pneumococcal disease, RRR adjusted relative risk ratio, CI confidence interval, SD standard deviation, PCV13 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination, PPSV23 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, IQR inter-quartile range, ICU intensive care unit
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BMC Infectious Diseases

ISSN: 1471-2334

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