Table 3 The expression levels of cytokines in E. multilocularis-infected humans
From: The correlations between Th1 and Th2 cytokines in human alveolar echinococcosis
Cytokine type | Cytokine | Experimental type | Methods and results | Specimens | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TH2 | IL-10 | in vitro | IL-10 levels in CD8+ lymphocytes from progressive AE patients (N = 12) were definitely increased after in vitro culture with crude E. multilocularis antigen using a protocol for intracellular staining of cytokines followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. | CD8+ lymphocytes cultured in vitro | Kilwinski et al. [17] |
TH2 | IL-10 | in vitro | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from progressive AE patients (N = 9) secreted significantly higher amounts of IL-10 than those isolated from abortive AE patients (N = 3); IL-10 was detected by using real-time PCR. | PBMCs cultured with Emf stimulation. | Godot et al. [18] |
TH2 | IL-10 | clinical test | Serum IL-10 levels were significantly higher in AE patients (N = 40) than in healthy controls (N = 20), with a tendency to higher concentrations in progressive cases; IL-10 was determined by ELISA. | Serum | Wellinghausen et al. [19] |
TH2 | IL-5 | in vitro | IL-5 production was particularly increased in PBMCs from patients with advanced AE (n = 14) after stimulation with crude E. multilocularis antigenic preparations; IL-5 was detected by RT-PCR . | PBMCs | Jenne et al. [20] |
TH2 | IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 | clinical test | Plasma concentration levels of IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 were slightly increased in consecutive AE patients (N = 28), and IL-23 concentration levels were significantly higher in AE patients; the cytokines were detected by ELISA. | Plasma | Tuxun et al. [21] |
TH2 | TGF-β | clinical test | Serum TGF-β levels were high, and TGF-β was expressed by most of the infiltrating lymphocytes in progressive AE patients (N = 18) by means oOf immunochemical staining of liver sections. | Surgical biopsy specimens | Zhang et al. [22] |
TH2 | TGF-β | in vitro | Higher levels of TGF-β were observed in PBMC supernatant after exposure to Em vesicular fluid (VF) than that from healthy blood donors; TGF-β was detected using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. | PBMCs supernatant | Bellanger et al. [23] |
TH2 | TGF-β | in vitro | A significant increase in TGF-β production was induced in PBMCs from healthy blood donors after exposure to Em-VF and Toll-like receptor agonists by using Multiplex Luminex® bead technology. | PBMCs exposure to Em-VF and Toll-like receptor agonists | Bellanger et al. [24] |
TH1 | IL-8, MCP-1 | in vitro | Peripheral blood cells isolated from AE patients (N = 30) induced significant IL-8 and MCP-1 production when cultured with viable proliferating E. multilocularis metacestode (Em) vesicles; IL-8 and MCP-1 were detected by ELISA. | PBMCs cultured with Em vesicles | Dreweck et al. [25] |
TH1 | IFN-γ | clinical test | The mean concentration of IFN-γ in serum from AE patients (N = 23) was higher than that in control group; IFN-γ was detected by double antibody sandwich. | Serum | Shi et al. [26] |
TH9 | IL-9 | in vitro | Th9-related cytokine IL-9 mRNA levels were both elevated in PBMCs and in hepatic lesion and paralesion tissues in AE patients (N = 14); IL-9 mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. | PBMCs and liver tissues | Tuxun et al. [10] |
Th17 | IL-17 | clinical test | The plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17B and its soluble receptor sIL-17RB were significantly elevated in AE patients (N = 93); IL-17B was detected by ELISA. | Plasma | Lechner et al. [27] |
Th17 | IL-23 | in vitro | IL-17A and IL-23 mRNAs levels were significantly elevated in the PBMCs isolated from AE patients (N = 30), and the levels were detected by real-time PCR. | PBMCs | Tuxun, et al. [28] |
TH2 and TH1 | IL-10, IFN-γ | in vitro | Emf-stimulated mononuclear cells from the central part of the granulomatous lesions secreted more IL-10 (TH2) and less IFN-γ (TH1) than cells from the periphery of the granuloma in progressive AE patients (N = 1); the cytokines were detected by ELISA. | Emf-stimulated mononuclear cells | Harraga et al. [29] |
TH2 and TH1 | IL-31, IL-33, IL-27, SDF-1, eotaxin | in vitro | The spontaneous cellular release of TH2-type cytokines IL-31 and IL-33 was clearly depressed in patients with cured, stable, and progressive AE (N = 57), whereas the levels of the TH1-type cytokine IL-27, anti-inflammatory cytokine SDF-1, and eotaxin increased with disease progression; the cytokines were detected by ELISA. | PBMC culture supernatants | Huang et al. [30] |
Both TH1 and TH2 | MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES, GRO-α | in vitro | The production of CC and CXC chemokines, which associate with inflammation (MIP-1α/CCL3, MIP-1β/CCL4, RANTES/CCL5 and GRO-α/CXCL1) was constitutively higher in PBMCs when cultured with E. multilocularis antigen in patients with progressive, stable or cured AE (N = 75) than in controls; the chemokines were detected by ELISA. | PBMCs cultured with Em antigen | Kocherscheidt et al. [31] |