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Table 4 Risk factors for mortality in cases of laboratory proven influenza in hospitalized patients

From: The burden of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection in Lebanon between 2008 and 2016: a single tertiary care center experience

Characteristic

Recovery, n (%) N = 451

Death, n (%) N = 18

p-value

Age group

  

0.909*

[0–2 years [

54 (12.0)

2 (11.1)

 

[2–5 years [

33 (7.3)

2 (11.1)

 

[5–10 years [

24 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

 

[10–19 years [

24 (5.3)

0 (0.0)

 

[19–50 years [

99 (22.0)

3 (16.7)

 

[50–65 years [

93 (20.6)

5 (27.8)

 

≥ 65 years

124 (27.5)

6 (33.3)

 

Gender

  

0.611

Male

228 (50.6)

8 (44.4)

 

Female

223 (49.4)

10 (55.6)

 

Presence of underlying conditions

318 (70.5)

16 (88.9)

0.091

Underlying medical conditions

Cardiovascular disease

161 (35.7)

8 (44.4)

0.449

Chronic pulmonary disease

43 (9.5)

1 (5.6)

1.000*

Asthma

39 (8.6)

2 (11.1)

0.665*

Immunosuppressive state (other than malignancy)

15 (3.3)

1 (5.6)

0.471*

Diabetes Mellitus

75 (16.6)

3 (16.7)

1.000*

Renal disease

45 (10.0)

3 (16.7)

0.414*

Neuromuscular disorders

9 (2.0)

1 (5.6)

0.326*

Neurological disorders

34 (7.5)

6 (33.3)

0.002*

Malignancy

101 (22.4)

8 (44.4)

0.043*

Hemoglobinopathy

15 (3.3)

0 (0.0)

1.000*

Type of influenza

  

1.000*

Influenza A

363 (80.5)

15 (83.3)

 

Influenza B

79 (17.5)

3 (16.7)

 

Co-infection A&B

9 (2.0)

0 (0.0)

 

Moderate to Severe disease (N = 466)

269 (60.0) †

18 (100.0)

0.001

Radiologically confirmed pneumonia (N = 418)

173 (43.3)a

17 (94.4)

< 0.001

Proven viral co-infectionb

13 (2.9)

7 (38.9)

< 0.001*

Proven bacterial co-infectionc

94 (20.8)

11 (61.1)

0.001*

  1. Pearson’s Chi-Square test was used (no expected count less than 5)
  2. *Fisher’s exact test was used when expected count was less than 5
  3. †3 patients in this group had missing data
  4. a51 patients had no imaging results
  5. bProven viral co-infection was defined by a positive PCR for other viruses whether from respiratory or other specimens
  6. cProven bacterial co-infection was defined by the presence of a positive culture