Risk of multi-drug resistant Campylobacter spp. and residual antimicrobials at poultry farms and live bird markets in Bangladesh

Table 1 Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. along the poultry supply chain in three sub-districts of Bangladesh*

Region	Hatchery	Broiler Farm (%)						Live Bird Market (%)				Total
(Sub-district)	CM (%)	F	W	CS	BM-F	Sub-total		W	FS	BM-M	Sub-total	(%)
Gazipur sadar	0/15 (0)	0/9 (0)	5/12 (42)	11/21 (52)	3/12 (25)	19/54 (35)		6/9 (67)	4/9 (44)	7/12 (58)	17/30 (57)	36/99 (36)
Sreepur	0/9 (0)	0/6 (0)	2/6 (33)	6/14 (43)	3/8 (38)	11/34 (32)		3/6 (50)	2/6 (33)	5/9 (56)	10/21 (48)	21/64 (33)
Tangail sadar	0/9 (0)	0/6 (0)	1/6 (17)	4/14 (29)	2/8 (25)	7/34 (21)		2/6 (33)	3/6 (50)	2/6 (33)	7/18 (39)	14/61 (23)
All	0/33 (0)	0/21 (0)	8/24 (33)	21/49 (43)	8/28 (29)	37/122 (30)		11/21 (52)	9/21 (43)	14/27 (52)	34/69 (49)	71/224 (32)
Significant	Association	Farm variables		Category (n)		p-value		Market variables		Category (n)		p-value
Relation				[+/+]: [+/−]	[−/+]: [−/−]					[+/+]: [+/−]	[−/+]: [−/−]
(Fisher’s exact)		W / (CS + FBM)		[8]: [0]	[7]: [11]	0.0074	W / MBM			[10]: [3]	[1]: [7]	0.0075
		CS / FBM		[7]: [1]	[5]: [13]	0.0093	FS / MBM			[9]: [0]	[4]: [8]	0.0046
	Difference	Sub-district wise		Category (n)		p-value		Source wise		Category (n)		p-value
				[+]: [+]	[−]: [−]					[+]: [+]	[−]: [−]
		Gazipur vs. Tangail		[36]: [14]	[63]: [47]	0.082	Farm vs. Market			[37]: [34]	[85]: [35]	0.0125
		(Farm & market total)					(Overall sub-total)

*CM, F, W, CS, BM-F, FS and BM-M indicate chick meconium, feed, drinking water, cloacal swab, farm broiler meat, floor swab, and market broiler meat, respectively. Significant relations were determined by comparing data for each pair of cases under each category

ISSN: 1471-2334