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Table 5 Bivariate analysis of the association of the practices and history of poor obstetric outcomes with BV and VVC among women attending the PHC centers in Sana’a city, Yemen (2017)

From: Bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis and trichomonal vaginitis among reproductive-aged women seeking primary healthcare in Sana’a city, Yemen

Variable

N

BV

VVC

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

P-value

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

P-value

Using IUCD

 No

242

63 (26.0)

Reference

0.020

21 (8.7)

Reference

0.406

 Yes

104

40 (38.5)

1.8 (1.09–2.89)

12 (11.5)

1.4 (0.65–2.91)

Using local antibiotics

 No

148

48 (32.4)

Reference

0.349

14 (9.5)

Reference

0.966

 Yes

198

55 (27.8)

0.8 (0.50–1.27)

19 (9.6)

1.0 (0.49–2.09)

Using systemic antibiotics

 No

181

57 (31.5)

Reference

0.463

13 (7.2)

Reference

0.118

 Yes

165

46 (27.9)

0.8 (0.53–1.34)

20 (12.1)

1. 8 (0.86–3.71)

Smoking

 No

276

76 (27.5)

Reference

0.071

26 (9.4)

Reference

0.883

 Yes

70

27 (38.6)

1.7 (0.95–2.86)

7 (10.0)

1.1 (0.44–2.57)

History of miscarriage

 No

216

75 (34.7)

Reference

0.009

23 (10.6)

Reference

0.365

 Yes

130

28 (21.5)

0.5 (0.31–0.85)

10 (7.7)

0.7 (0.32–1.52)

History of preterm labor

 No

311

89 (28.6)

Reference

0.163

28 (9.0)

Reference

0.313

 Yes

35

14 (40.0)

1.7 (0.81–3.42)

5 (14.3)

1.7 (0.61–4.69)

Using sanitary napkins

 Yes

301

90 (29.9)

Reference

0.890

29 (9.6)

Reference

0.874

 No

45

13 (28.9)

1.0 (0.48–1.89)

4 (8.9)

0.9 (0.31–2.74)

Regular vaginal douching

 Yes

111

27 (24.3)

Reference

0.128

9 (8.1)

Reference

0.534

 No

235

76 (32.3)

1.5 (0.89–2.48)

24 (10.2)

1.3 (0.58–2.87)

Drying genital area

 Yes

130

32 (24.6)

Reference

0.104

9 (6.9)

Reference

0.199

 No

216

71 (32.9)

1.5 (0.92–2.45)

24 (11.1)

1.7 (0.76–3.74)

Privacy of toilet

 Personal

96

33 (34.4)

Reference

0.246

9 (9.4)

Reference

0.949

 Shared

250

70 (28.0)

0.7 (0.45–1.23)

24 (9.6)

1.0 (0.46–2.29)

Toilet type

 Arabic

331

96 (29.0)

Reference

0.143

23 (10.1)

Reference

0.699

 European

15

7 (46.7)

2.1 (0.76–6.07)

10 (8.4)

0.8 (0.37–1.77)

Preferred clothing

 Wide clothes

279

84 (30.1)

Reference

0.779

28 (10.0)

Reference

0.520

 Tight clothes

67

19 (28.4)

0.9 (0.51–1.66)

5 (7.5)

0.7 (0.27–1.95)

Method of genital area cleaning

 Forward

212

60 (28.3)

Reference

0.453

23 (10.8)

Reference

0.296

 Backward

134

60 (32.1)

1.2 (0.75–1.92)

10 (7.5)

0.7 (0.31–1.44)

  1. N number of examined women, n number of infected women, BV bacterial vaginosis, VVC vulvovaginal candidiasis, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, IUCD intrauterine contraceptive device
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