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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with infective endocarditis

From: The clinical features and prognosis of infective endocarditis in the elderly from 2007 to 2016 in a tertiary hospital in China

Variables % or Mean ±SD

<50 years old

n = 205

(50.6%)

50-64 years old

n = 141

(34.8%)

≥65 years old

n = 59

(14.6%)

P value

Clinical data

 Male

127 (62.0)

93 (66.0)

41 (69.5)

.508

 Age

35 ± 9

57 ± 4

72 ± 5

P<0.001

 Hospital stay

24 ±19

28 ±27

23 ±19

.295

 Duration of symptoms before echocardiography

30 ± 37

24 ± 27

24 ± 34

.174

 Duration of symptoms before diagnosis

42 ± 39

42 ± 44

42 ± 58

.991

 Time interval from diagnosis to surgery

23.5 (8–55.5)

16 (6.5–54)

30 (11.5–64)

.322

 Time interval from embolism to diagnosis

4 ± 3

13 ± 17

11 ± 10

.001

 Time interval from cerebral embolism to diagnosis

4 ± 2

16 ± 21

13 ± 12

.006*

IE localization

 Native valve

191 (93.2)

128 (90.8)

49 (83.1)

.059

 Mitral

61 (30.0)

44 (31.2)

15 (25.4)

 

 Aortic

54 (26.3)

56 (40.0)

18 (30.5)

 

 Mitro-aortic

31 (15.1)

17 (12.1)

8 (13.5)

 

 Right valves

23 (11.2)

2 (1.4)

4 (6.8)

 

 Prosthetic valve

13 (6.3)

10 (7.1)

8 (13.6)

.176

 Mitral

4 (2.0)

4 (2.8)

3 (5.1)

 

Aortic

5 (2.4)

4 (2.8)

3 (5.1)

 

Mitro-aortic

1 (0.5)

0

1 (1.7)

 

 Pacemaker

1 (0.5)

3 (2.1)

2 (3.4)

.191

 Community origin

187 (91.2)

124 (87.9)

47 (79.7)

.050

 Nosocomial origin

3 (1.5)

6 (4.3)

6 (10.2)

.007

Comorbidities

Predisposing cardiac conditions

 Rheumatic heart disease

28 (13.7)

30 (21.3)

11 (18.6)

.169

 Congenital heart disease

71 (34.6)

23 (16.3)

10 (16.9)

P<0.001

 Previous cardiac surgery

16 (7.8)

14 (9.9)

14 (23.7)

.002

 Degenerative heart disease

1 (0.5)

6 (4.3)

6 (10.2)

.001

 Chronic pulmonary disease

1 (0.5)

3 (2.1)

2 (3.4)

.191

 History of cancer

3 (1.5)

6 (4.3)

2 (3.4)

.275

 Hemodialysis

3 (1.5)

7 (5.0)

4 (6.8)

.069

 Liver cirrhosis

2 (1.0)

1 (0.7)

1 (1.7)

.813

 Hypertension

14 (6.8)

43 (30.5)

25 (42.4)

P<0.001

 Diabetes

2 (1.0)

25 (17.7)

10 (16.9)

P<0.001

 Intravenous drug abuse

2 (1.0)

0

1 (1.7)

.250

 Immunodepression

17 (8.3)

12 (8.5)

4 (6.8)

.915

 Bad oral hygiene

57 (27.8)

45 (31.9)

29 (49.2)

.008

Symptoms and signs

 Fever

186 (90.7)

125 (88.7)

53 (89.8)

.820

 Anemia

116 (56.6)

68 (48.2)

38 (64.4)

.085

 Osler nodule

5 (2.4)

1 (0.7)

1 (1.7)

.439

 Janeway lesions or nailbed bleeding

3 (1.5)

1 (0.7)

0

.601

 New or changing heart murmur

172 (83.9)

110 (78.0)

45 (76.3)

.253

 Hepatomegaly

10 (4.9)

9 (6.4)

2 (3.4)

.658

 Splenomegaly

68 (33.2)

28 (19.9)

13 (22.0)

.015

Echocardiographic data

 Vegetation length

   

.029

 <10 mm

35 (17.1)

36 (25.5)

18 (30.5)

 

  ≥ 10 mm

146 (71.2)

83 (58.9)

30 (50.8)

 

 No vegetation

24 (11.7)

22 (15.6)

11 (18.6)

 

 Vegetation mobility

84 (41.0)

47 (33.3)

26 (44.1)

.238

 Moderate or severe valve regurgitation

29 (14.2)

17 (12.4)

12 (20.3)

.547

 Moderate or severe valve stenosis

11 (5.4)

27 (19.7)

5 (8.5)

.001

 Abscess

25 (12.2)

17 (12.1)

8 (13.6)

.953

 Annular abscess

13 (6.4)

10 (7.1)

7 (11.9)

.365

 Pseudoaneurysm

18 (8.8)

7 (5.0)

2 (3.4)

.207

 Valvular perforation

32 (15.8)

27 (19.1)

13 (22.0)

.480

Microbiology

 Streptococci

53 (25.9)

34 (24.1)

13 (22.0)

.819

 Streptococcus viridans

22 (10.7)

9 (6.4)

3 (5.1)

.219

 Staphylococci

40 (19.5)

28 (19.9)

11 (18.6)

.981

Staphylococcus aureus

17 (8.3)

9 (6.4)

2 (3.4)

.405

 Coagulase-negative staphylococci

23 (11.2)

19 (13.5)

9 (15.3)

.660

 Enterococci

2 (1.0)

2 (1.4)

1 (1.7)

 

 Fungi

0

2 (1.4)

1 (1.7)

 

 Polymicrobial

1 (0.5)

1 (0.7)

0

 

Complications

 Heart failure

101 (49.3)

76 (53.9)

37 (62.7)

.181

 Total emboli

57 (27.8)

45 (31.9)

23 (39.0)

.247

 Emboli under treatment

60 (29.3)

35 (24.8)

12 (20.3)

.339

 Intracranial infection

12 (5.9)

4 (2.8)

1 (1.7)

.227

 Cerebral emboli

31 (15.1)

29 (20.6)

14 (23.7)

.219

 Cerebral hemorrhage,

14 (6.8)

7 (5.0)

2 (3.4)

.544

 Arrhythmia

24 (11.7)

33 (23.4)

23 (39.0)

P<0.001

 Atrial fibrillation

15 (7.3)

29 (20.6)

20 (33.9)

P<0.001

 Apparition of atrioventricular block

4 (2.0)

4 (2.8)

4 (6.8)

.155

 Hepatic insufficiency

43 (21.0)

22 (15.6)

6 (10.2)

.119

 Renal insufficiency

34 (16.6)

29 (20.6)

18 (30.5)

.061

Surgery and mortality

 Surgical indication

204 (99.5)

140 (99.3)

57 (96.6)

.142

 Surgery indicated and performed

128 (62.4)

83 (58.9)

24 (40.7)

.012

Reason of no surgery

 Medical treatment

61 (80.3)

46 (80.7)

23 (69.7)

 

 Death before surgery

12 (15.8)

11 (19.3)

10 (30.3)

.216

 Patient’s refusal

3 (3.9)

0

0

 

 In-hospital mortality

16 (7.8)

15 (10.6)

12 (20.3)

.023**

 One-year mortality

18 (8.8)

15 (10.6)

12 (20.3)

.044

Cause of death

   

.124

 Heart failure

0

5 (33.3)

3 (25.0)

 

 Sepsis

10 (55.6)

6 (40.0)

5 (41.7)

 

 Cerebral hemorrhage Brain palsy

6 (33.3)

1 (6.7)

2 (16.7)

 

 Life-threatening arrhythmias

1 (5.6)

1 (6.7)

1 (8.3)

 

 Others

1 (5.6)

2 (13.3)

1 (8.3)

 
  1. IQR interquartile range, IE Infective endocarditis
  2. *p = 0.051: < 50 years group vs ≥65 years group p = 0.526:50–64 years group vs ≥65 years group
  3. ** p = 0.006 < 50 years group vs ≥65 years group p = 0.067 50–64 years group vs ≥65 years group