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Table 1 Demographic and psychosocial factors stratified by performance validitya

From: Cognitive impairments in patients with persistent symptoms attributed to Lyme disease

Characteristic

Good performance validity (n = 239)

Poor performance validity (n = 40)

P Value

Women, no. (%)

109 (45.6)

19 (47.5)

0.82

Education level, no. (%)

 Low (≤8 years)

1 (0.4)

0 (0)

0.03

 Average (9–11 years)

125 (52.7)

28 (71.8)

 High (≥12 years)

111 (46.8)

11 (28.2)

Paid work, no. (%)

154 (64.7)

17 (43.6)

0.01

Age, mean (± SD), years

48.7 (11.9)

49.0 (11.9)

0.87

Duration of symptoms, median (IQR), years

2.7 (1.3–6.3)

1.8 (0.7–5.7)

0.13

Previous antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease, no. (%)

213 (89,1)

33 (82.5)

0.23

Delay symptom onset and treatment, median (IQR), weeks

22.5 (3.0–103.5)

15.5 (2.0–69.0)

0.41

History of meningoradiculitis (neuroborreliosis), no. (%)c

18 (7.5)

3 (7.7)

0.97

CFQ, mean (95% CI)

 Orientation

3.92 (3.65–4.18)

4.98 (4.20–5.75)

0.004b

 Distractibility

11.29 (10.71–11.87)

12.98 (11.58–14.37)

0.03

 Blunders

7.04 (6.70–7.38)

7.95 (7.15–8.75)

0.05

 Memory

7.32 (7.05–7.59)

7.03 (6.28–7.77)

0.43

 Total

43.23 (41.52–44.94)

47.73 (43.24–52.21)

0.05

HADS, mean (95% CI)

 Anxiety

6.36 (5.82–6.90)

6.08 (4.90–7.26)

0.71

 Depression

7.47 (6.98–7.96)

8.76 (7.33–10.19)

0.06

CIS, mean (95% CI)

 Fatigue severity

43.62 (42.33–44.91)

47.25 (44.38–50.11)

0.03

 Concentration

23.84 (22.92–24.76)

25.35 (22.74–27.96)

0.23

 Motivation

16.67 (15.92–17.42)

17.93 (15.93–19.92)

0.22

 Activity

13.92 (13.27–14.57)

16.15 (14.73–17.57)

0.01b

 Total

98.03 (95.34–100.72)

106.65 (100.82–112.49)

0.02

Self-efficacy, mean (95% CI)

17.28 (16.60–17.96)

15.62 (13.92–17.31)

0.07

ICQ, mean (95% CI)

 Helplessness

13.26 (12.71–13.80)

15.54 (14.20–16.87)

0.002b

 Acceptance

13.68 (13.17–14.20)

13.42 (12.27–14.58)

0.70

 Perceived benefits

11.35 (10.82–11.88)

12.63 (11.43–13.82)

0.07

EPQ, mean (95% CI)

 Neuroticism

8.27 (7.59–8.96)

7.67 (6.22–9.12)

0.50

 Extraversion

11.44 (10.83–12.04)

12.21 (10.60–13.81)

0.34

PSWQ, mean (95% CI)

42.17 (40.55–43.78)

42.15 (38.30–46.00)

0.99

BSQ, mean (95% CI)

2.27 (2.19–2.35)

2.38 (2.17–2.59)

0.33

  1. Abbreviations: BSQ body sensations questionnaire, CFQ Dutch version of the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, CIS checklist individual strength, EPQ Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, HADS hospital anxiety and depression scale, ICQ illness cognition questionnaire, PSWQ Penn-State Worry Questionnaire
  2. aBetween-group differences in characteristics were analyzed with analysis of variance for continuous variables, chi-square tests for proportions, and Kruskal-Wallis tests for ordinal variables and data that were not normally distributed
  3. bSignificant with the Benjamini-Hochberg correction, accepting a false discovery rate of 0.10
  4. cDiagnosis by intrathecal Borrelia antibody production