Table 3 Prevalence of HCV according to different characteristics among participants
From: Risk factors for viral hepatitis C infection in Rwanda: results from a nationwide screening program
Characteristics | Number of participants | HCV positive(%) | Bivariate analysis | Multi-variable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (95%CI) | P-value | OR | (95%CI) | P-value | |||
Gender(N = 325,078) | ||||||||
Female | 223,627 | 15,431 (6.9) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 101,451 | 6651 (6.6) | 0.95 | (0.92–0.98) | < 0.001 | 1.06 | (1.03–1.10) | < 0.001 |
Age group(N = 316,336) | ||||||||
< 35 years old | 91,922 | 3396 (3.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
35–44 years old | 79,337 | 3427 (4.3) | 1.18 | (1.12–1.24) | < 0.001 | 1.11 | (1.05–1.17) | < 0.001 |
45–54 years old | 61,733 | 3516 (5.7) | 1.57 | (1.50–1.65) | < 0.001 | 1.30 | (1.23–1.37) | < 0.001 |
55–64 years old | 50,379 | 4674 (9.3) | 2.67 | (2.55–2.79) | < 0.001 | 2.11 | (2.00–2.22) | < 0.001 |
65 years old and above | 32,965 | 6458 (19.6) | 6.35 | (6.08–6.64) | < 0.001 | 4.86 | (4.62–5.11) | < 0.001 |
Marital status (N = 318,211) | ||||||||
Single | 28,105 | 1030 (3.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Married | 246,593 | 15,266 (6.2) | 1.74 | (1.63–1.85) | < 0.001 | 1.152 | (1.07–1.24) | < 0.001 |
Widow, separated and divorced | 43,513 | 4866 (11.2) | 3.31 | (3.09–3.55) | < 0.001 | 1.36 | (1.26–1.47) | < 0.001 |
Ubudehe category(N = 318,784) | ||||||||
Category 1 | 49,767 | 4462 (9.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Category 2 | 119,347 | 8034 (6.7) | 0.73 | (0.71–0.76) | < 0.001 | 0.97 | (0.93–1.01) | 0.112 |
Category 3 and 4 | 148,686 | 9114 (6.1) | 0.66 | (0.64–0.69) | < 0.001 | 0.92 | (0.88–0.96) | < 0.001 |
Health Insurance(N = 322,856) | ||||||||
Mutuelle | 302,152 | 21,095 (7.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
RAMA | 14,673 | 515 (3.5) | 0.49 | (0.44–0.53) | < 0.001 | 0.775 | (0.70–0.85) | < 0.001 |
MMI | 2570 | 78 (3.0) | 0.42 | (0.33–0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.804 | (0.63–1.02) | 0.08 |
Other private insurances | 3436 | 218 (6.3) | 0.90 | (0.78–1.03) | 0.12 | 1.06 | (0.91–1.23) | 0.47 |
Province of screening(N = 313,945) | ||||||||
North | 65,804 | 3313 (5.0) | 1 | 1 | ||||
West | 89,767 | 5277 (5.9) | 1.18 | (1.13–1.23) | < 0.001 | 1.19 | (1.14–1.25) | < 0.001 |
South | 48,976 | 5880 (12.0) | 2.57 | (2.46–2.69) | < 0.001 | 1.98 | (1.88–2.08) | < 0.001 |
East | 109,398 | 7264 (6.6) | 1.34 | (1.40–1.50) | < 0.001 | 1.37 | (1.31–1.43) | < 0.001 |
Suffering from Diabetes(N = 325,829) | ||||||||
No | 323,971 | 21,961 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 1858 | 182 (9.8) | 1.49 | (1.28–1.74) | < 0.001 | |||
Suffering from HBP (N = 325,834) | ||||||||
No | 316,372 | 21,054 (6.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 9462 | 1090 (11.5) | 1.83 | (1.71–1.95) | < 0.001 | 1.22 | (1.13–1.31) | < 0.001 |
Suffering from CRF(N = 325,833) | ||||||||
No | 321,698 | 21,692 (6.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 4135 | 452 (10.9) | 1.68 | (1.54–1.87) | < 0.001 | 1.29 | (1.16–1.44) | < 0.001 |
Suffering from Cancer (N = 325,804) | ||||||||
No | 325,228 | 22,079 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 513 | 63 (10.9) | 1.69 | (1.30–2.19) | < 0.001 | |||
HIV status (N = 325,816) | ||||||||
Negative | 319,234 | 21,673 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1 | ||||
Yes | 6582 | 470 (7.1) | 1.06 | (0.96–1.16) | 0.26 | 1.08 | (1.05–1.32) | 0.001 |
Ever had TBC(N = 325,822) | ||||||||
No | 325,484 | 22,108 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 338 | 36 (10.7) | 1.636 | (1.16–2.31) | 0.005 | |||
Ever been operated(N = 325,816) | ||||||||
No | 307,980 | 20,916 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 17,836 | 1225 (6.9) | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 0.69 | |||
Ever been transfused(N = 325,825) | ||||||||
No | 320,488 | 21,691 (6.8) | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 5337 | 452 (8.5) | 1.28 | (1.16–1.41) | < 0.001 | |||
Traditional operation and scarifications (N = 325,555) | ||||||||
No | 271,590 | 18,047 (6.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 53,965 | 4089 (7.6) | 1.15 | (1.11–1.19) | < 0.001 | 1.09 | (1.05–1.14) | < 0.001 |
Viral Hepatitis in the family(N = 325,785) | ||||||||
No | 319,616 | 21,609 (6.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Yes | 6169 | 531 (8.6) | 1.30 | (1.19–1.42) | < 0.001 | 1.27 | (1.15–1.40) | < 0.001 |
Interaction Age_HBP(N = 326,263) | ||||||||
< 35 years old | 317,891 | 21,669 (6.4) | 1 | 1 | ||||
35–44 years old | 1418 | 80 (5.6) | 0.84 | (0.67–1.05) | 0.12 | 1.14 | (0.80–1.61) | 0.46 |
45–54 years old | 1880 | 111 (5.9) | 0.88 | (0.73–1.07) | 0.19 | 1.27 | (1.01–1.61) | 0.05 |
55–64 years old | 2606 | 276 (10.6) | 1.66 | (1.46–1.83) | < 0.001 | 1.04 | (0.85–1.27) | 0.71 |
65 years old and above | 2468 | 574 (22.2) | 3.99 | (3.62–4.39) | < 0.001 | 1.18 | (1.06–1.30) | 0.002 |
Interaction Age _CRF(N = 326,263) | ||||||||
< 35 years old | 322,909 | 21,788 (3.7) | 1 | 1 | ||||
35–44 years old | 767 | 48 (6.3) | 0.13 | (0.09–0.20) | < 0.001 | 1.32 | (0.97–1.81) | 0.08 |
45–54 years old | 765 | 56 (7.3) | 0.21 | (0.15–0.29) | < 0.001 | 1.38 | (1.01–1.61) | 0.03 |
55–64 years old | 1069 | 129 (12.1) | 0.25 | (0.18–0.34) | < 0.001 | 1.26 | (1.04–1.54) | 0.02 |
65 years old and above | 753 | 183 (24.3) | 0.43 | (0.33–0.55) | < 0.001 | 1.24 | (1.03–1.50) | 0.02 |
Interaction Age _HIV(N = 326,263) | ||||||||
< 35 years old | 321,031 | 21,801 (6.8) | 1 | 1 | ||||
35–44 years old | 1940 | 119 (6.1) | 1.00 | (0.80–1.26) | 0.97 | 1.36 | (1.12–1.65) | 0.00 |
45–54 years old | 1920 | 101 (5.3) | 0.76 | (0.62–0.93) | 0.01 | 0.89 | (0.73–1.10) | 0.29 |
55–64 years old | 1023 | 92 (9.0) | 1.36 | (1.09–1.68) | 0.01 | 0.93 | (0.75–1.16) | 0.53 |
65 years old and above | 349 | 70 (20.1) | 3.44 | (2.65–4.48) | < 0.001 | 1.01 | (0.77–1.32) | 0.94 |