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Table 5 Logistic regression models to determine independent risk factors for having EPTB

From: Treatment outcomes and risk factors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with co-morbidities

Variables

Univariate analysis

P-value

Multivariate analysis

P-value

COR (95% CI)

AOR (95% CI)

Gender

 Male

0.75 (0.66 to 0.86)

<  0.001

0.65 (0.57 to 0.75)

<  0.001

 Female

1.31 (1.16 to 1.49)

 

1.52 (1.31 to 1.74)

 

Age (years)

 ≤ 15

1.115 (0.78 to 1.58)

0.541

  

 16–25

1.11 (0.95 to 1.31)

0.170

  

 26–35

0.90 (0.77 to 1.05)

0.198

-----------------------

-------

 36–45

0.96 (0.82 to 1.12)

0.604

  

 46–55

1.02 (0.87 to 1.20)

0.741

  

 56–65

0.94 (0.79 to 1.13)

0.566

  

 ≥ 66

1.06 (0.87 to 1.28)

0.546

  

Ethnicity

 Malay

1.33 (1.16 to 1.51)

<  0.001

1.25 (1.05 to 1.48)

0.010

 Chinese

1.02 (0.89 to 1.17)

0.740

---------------------

-------

 Indian

1.58 (1.28 to 1.94)

<  0.001

1.45 (1.14 to 1.84)

0.002

 Immigrants Indonesian

0.72 (0.55 to 0.94)

0.018

0.76 (0.56 to 1.02)

0.069

 Immigrants Philippines

0.65 (0.47 to 0.89)

0.008

0.77 (0.55 to 1.09)

0.144

 Sarawakian

0.61 (0.48 to 0.77)

<  0.001

0.76 (0.58 to 0.99)

0.046

 Sabahian

0.80 (0.68 to 0.94)

0.009

0.91 (0.74 to 1.12)

0.388

 Others

1.63 (1.08 to 2.46)

0.019

1.51 (0.97 to 2.35)

0.064

Residence

 Urban

1.17 (1.03 to 1.33)

0.015

1.27 (1.10 to 1.45)

0.001

 Rural

0.85 (0.75 to 0.97)

 

0.78 (0.68 to 0.90)

 

Patient category

 Unknown

0.30 (0.20 to 0.46)

<  0.001

0.21 (0.12 to 0.35)

<  0.001

 New

1.92 (1.53 to 2.40)

<  0.001

1.57 (1.20 to 2.05)

0.001

 Relapse

0.73 (0.56 to 0.94)

0.017

4.65 (2.80 to 7.73)

<  0.001

Co-morbidity

 Only TB

0.73 (0.65 to 0.83)

<  0.001

0.89 (0.68 to 1.16)

0.406

 TB-DM

0.66 (0.56 to 0.78)

<  0.001

0.67 (0.50 to 0.91)

0.011

 TB-HIV

2.35 (1.97 to 2.80)

<  0.001

3.21 (2.34 to 4.40)

<  0.001

 TB-Hep

0.99 (0.75 to 1.31)

0.990

---------------------

-------

 TB-DM-HIV

3.33 (1.34 to 8.27)

0.009

4.36 (1.65 to 11.47)

0.003

 TB-DM-Hep

1.30 (0.68 to 2.50)

0.419

----------------------

-------

 TB-HIV-Hep

3.01 (2.30 to 3.95)

<  0.001

4.08 (2.78 to 5.98)

<  0.001

Smoking habit

 Ex-smoker

1.54 (1.28 to 1.84)

<  0.001

1.53 (1.26 to 1.87)

<  0.001

 No

0.96 (0.85 to 1.09)

0.599

----------------------

-------

 Yes

0.85 (0.75 to 0.97)

0.017

0.78 (0.67 to 0.91)

0.001

Drinking Habit

 Unknown

0.73 (0.40 to 1.33)

0.314

  

 No

0.95 (0.78 to 1.15)

0.623

-----------------------

-------

 Yes

1.10 (0.89 to 1.35)

0.356

  

IVDUa

 Unknown

1.60 (1.01 to 2.53)

0.044

1.16 (0.67 to 2.01)

0.578

 No

0.75 (0.61 to 0.94)

0.012

0.93 (0.71 to 1.22)

0.624

 Yes

1.24 (0.98 to 1.58)

0.071

----------------------

--------

Marital status

 Unknown

2.68 (1.63 to 4.42)

<  0.001

2.75 (1.61 to 4.71)

<  0.001

 Married

1.18 (1.03 to 1.34)

0.013

1.19 (1.03 to 1.38)

0.014

 Unmarried

0.80 (0.70 to 0.91)

0.001

0.36 (0.21 to 0.62)

<  0.001

Education

 Unknown

0.87 (0.76 to 0.99)

0.041

0.95 (0.80 to 1.13)

0.603

 Primary

0.90 (0.73 to 1.10)

0.319

----------------------

--------

 Secondary

1.23 (0.97 to 1.57)

0.081

----------------------

--------

 College

0.89 (0.64 to 1.24)

0.499

----------------------

--------

 University

1.10 (0.52 to 2.34)

0.790

----------------------

--------

 Diploma

1.43 (0.88 to 2.33)

0.146

----------------------

--------

 No formal education

1.55 (1.21 to 2.00)

0.001

1.36 (1.01 to 1.82)

0.037

Employment status

 Unknown

1.17 (0.99 to 1.39)

0.057

  

 Employed

1.06 (0.92 to 1.21)

0.377

----------------------

--------

 Unemployed

0.87 (0.77 to 0.99)

0.033

  
  1. TB-DM Co-infection of TB and Diabetes Mellitus, TB-HIV Co-infection of TB and HIV, TB-Hep Co-infection of TB and Hepatitis, TB-DM-HIV Co-infection of TB with Diabetes Mellitus and HIV, TB-DM-Hep Co-infection of TB with Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatitis, TB-HIV-Hep Co-infection of TB with HIV and Hepatitis
  2. aIntravenous Drug Users