Table 4 Logistic regression models to determine independent risk factors for unsuccessful treatment outcomes among EPTB patients
From: Treatment outcomes and risk factors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with co-morbidities
Variables | Total 1222 | Treatment outcomes | Univariate analysis | P- value | Multivariate analysis | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | Successful n (%) | Unsuccessful n (%) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
Gender | |||||||
 Male | 778(63.7) | 514 (66.1) | 264 (33.9) | 0.82 (0.64 to 1.06) | 0.131 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Female | 444 (36.3) | 312 (70.3) | 132 (29.7) | 1.21 (0.94 to 1.56) |  |  |  |
Age (years) | |||||||
  ≤ 15 | 55 (4.5) | 46 (83.6) | 9 (16.4) | 0.39 (0.19 to 0.81) | 0.012 | 0.47 (0.23 to 1.02) | 0.050 |
 16–25 | 177 (14.5) | 129 (72.9) | 48 (27.1) | 0.67 (0.48 to 0.99) | 0.094 | --------------------- | ------- |
 26–35 | 296 (24.2) | 203 (68.6) | 93 (31.4) | 0.94 (0.71 to 1.24) | 0.677 | --------------------- | ------- |
 36–45 | 224 (18.3) | 146 (65.2) | 78 (34.8) | 1.14 (0.84 to 1.55) | 0.393 | --------------------- | ------- |
 46–55 | 233 (19.1) | 167 (71.7) | 66 (28.3) | 0.78 (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.140 | --------------------- | ------- |
 56–65 | 170 (13.9) | 90 (52.9) | 80 (47.1) | 2.07 (1.49 to 2.87) | ≤ 0.001 | 1.65 (1.15 to 2.37) | 0.006 |
  ≥ 66 | 67 (5.5) | 43 (64.2) | 24 (35.8) | 1.17 (0.70 to 1.96) | 0.539 | --------------------- | ------- |
Ethnicity | |||||||
 Malay | 389(31.8) | 264 (67.9) | 125 (32.1) | 0.98 (0.75 to 1.27) | 0.889 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Chinese | 292 (23.9) | 192 (65.8) | 100 (34.2) | 1.11 (0.84 to 1.47) | 0.441 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Indian | 128 (10.5) | 80 (62.5) | 48 (37.5) | 1.28 (0.88 to 1.88) | 0.194 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Immigrants Indonesian | 63 (5.2) | 42 (66.7) | 21 (33.3) | 1.04 (0.61 to 1.79) | 0.872 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Immigrants Philippines | 45 (3.7) | 31 (68.9) | 14 (31.1) | 0.94 (0.49 to 1.78) | 0.850 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Sarawakian | 87 (7.1) | 75 (86.2) | 12 (13.8) | 0.31 (0.16 to 0.58) | ≤ 0.001 | 0.36 (0.19 to 0.69) | 0.003 |
 Sabahian | 189 (15.5) | 122 (64.6) | 67 (35.4) | 1.17 (0.84 to 1.62) | 0.331 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Others | 29 (2.4) | 20 (69) | 9 (31) | 0.93 (0.42 to 2.07) | 0.873 | --------------------- | ------- |
Residency | |||||||
 Urban | 819 (67) | 551 (67.3) | 268 (32.7) | 1.04 (0.80 to 1.34) | 0.736 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Rural | 403 (33) | 275 (68.2) | 128 (31.8) | 0.95 (0.74 to 1.23) |  |  |  |
Patient category | |||||||
 Unknown | 23 (1.9) | 20 (87) | 3 (13) | 0.30 (0.09 to 1.04) | 0.058 | --------------------- | ------- |
 New | 1131 (92.6) | 773 (68.3) | 358 (31.7) | 0.64 (0.41 to 0.99) | 0.049 | 3.27 (0.79 to 13.42) | 0.099 |
 Relapse | 68 (5.6) | 33 (48.5) | 35 (51.5) | 2.33 (1.42 to 3.80) | 0.001 | 7.07 (1.58 to 31.61) | 0.010 |
Co-morbidity | |||||||
 Only TB | 697 (57) | 494 (70.9) | 203 (29.1) | 0.70 (0.55 to 0.90) | 0.005 | 1.01 (0.73 to 1.38) | 0.938 |
 TB-DM | 180 (14.7) | 98 (54.4) | 82 (45.6) | 1.94 (1.40 to 2.67) | ≤ 0.001 | 1.77 (1.16 to 2.69) | 0.008 |
 TB-HIV | 188 (15.4) | 129 (15.4) | 59 (31.4) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.32) | 0.745 | --------------------- | ------- |
 TB-Hepatitis | 60 (4.9) | 43 (71.7) | 17 (28.3) | 0.81 (0.46 to 1.45) | 0.490 | --------------------- | ------- |
 TB-DM-HIV | 7 (0.6) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 5.26 (1.01 to 27.27) | 0.048 | 4.13 (0.76 to 22.40) | 0.100 |
 TB-DM-Hepatitis | 11 (0.9) | 3 (27.3) | 8 (72.7) | 5.69 (1.50 to 21.58) | 0.011 | 3.42 (0.83 to 14.07) | 0.087 |
 TB-HIV-Hepatitis | 79 (6.5) | 56 (70.9) | 23 (29.1) | 0.90 (0.54 to 1.47) | 0.679 | ---------------------- | ------- |
Smoking habit | |||||||
 Ex-smoker | 166 (13.6) | 118 (71.1) | 48 (28.9) | 0.82 (0.57 to 1.18) | 0.291 | --------------------- | ------- |
 No | 647 (52.9) | 455 (70.3) | 192 (29.7) | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.96) | 0.026 | 1.03 (0.69 to 1.54) | 0.856 |
 Yes | 409 (33.5) | 253 (61.9) | 156 (38.1) | 1.48 (1.15 to 1.91) | 0.002 | 1.34 (0.86 to 2.07) | 0.185 |
Drinking Habit | |||||||
 Unknown | 12 (1) | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | 2.94 (0.92 to 9.33) | 0.067 |  |  |
 No | 1094 (89.5) | 741 (67.7) | 353 (32.3) | 0.84 (0.57 to 1.23) | 0.379 | --------------------- | ------- |
 Yes | 116 (9.5) | 80 (69) | 36 (31) | 1.05 (0.70 to 1.58) | 0.784 |  |  |
IVDUa | |||||||
 Unknown | 23 (1.9) | 11 (47.8) | 12 (52.2) | 2.30 (1.00 to 5.27) | 0.048 | 1.79 (0.68 to 4.73) | 0.237 |
 No | 1113 (91) | 761 (68.4) | 352 (31.6) | 0.65 (0.44 to 0.98) | 0.041 | 0.91 (0.54 to 1.54) | 0.732 |
 Yes | 86 (7.1) | 54 (62.8) | 32 (37.2) | 1.32 (0.84 to 2.07) | 0.228 | ---------------------- | ------- |
Marital status | |||||||
 Unknown | 22 (1.8) | 17 (77.3) | 5 (22.7) | 0.77 (0.30 to 1.99) | 0.599 | ---------------------- | ------- |
 Married | 539 (44.1) | 265 (72) | 103 (28) | 0.75 (0.57 to 0.98) | 0.039 | 1.27 (0.39 to 4.09) | 0.681 |
 Unmarried | 832 (68.1) | 544 (65.4) | 288 (34.6) | 1.34 (1.03 to 1.74) | 0.029 | 1.29 (0.41 to 4.01) | 0.652 |
Education | |||||||
 Unknown | 876 (71.7) | 627 (71.7) | 249 (28.5) | 0.53 (0.41 to 0.68) | ≤ 0.001 | 0.73 (0.49 to 1.07) | 0.112 |
 Primary | 111 (9.1) | 67 (59.8) | 44 (39.2) | 1.44 (0.97 to 2.15) | 0.069 | ---------------------- | ------ |
 Secondary | 84 (6.9) | 41 (48.8) | 43 (51.2) | 2.32 (1.48 to 3.62) | ≤ 0.001 | 1.88 (1.08 to 3.28) | 0.025 |
 College | 42 (3.4) | 30 (71.4) | 12 (28.6) | 0.82 (0.41 to 1.63) | 0.582 | --------------------- | -------- |
 University | 8 (0.7) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | 2.08 (0.52 to 8.39) | 0.299 | --------------------- | -------- |
 Diploma | 20 (1.6) | 18 (90) | 2 (10) | 0.22 (0.05 to 0.98) | 0.047 | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.91) | 0.038 |
 No formal education | 81 (6.6) | 38 (46.9) | 43 (53.1) | 2.51 (1.59 to 3.96) | ≤ 0.001 | 2.26 (1.25 to 4.09) | 0.001 |
Employment status | |||||||
 Unknown | 188 (15.4) | 129 (68.6) | 59 (31.4) | 0.94 (0.67 to 1.31) | 0.725 | --------------------- | -------- |
 Employed | 342 (28) | 226 (66.1) | 116 (33.9) | 1.09 (0.83 to 1.42) | 0.514 |  |  |
 Unemployed | 692 (56.6) | 470 (67.9) | 222 (32.1) | 0.96 (0.75 to 1.22) | 0.742 |  |  |