Table 3 Distribution and frequency of different types of co-morbidities among patients with EPTB (n = 1222)
From: Treatment outcomes and risk factors of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with co-morbidities
Variables | Total 1222 (%) | TB only n = 697 (%) | TB-DM n = 180 (%) | TB-HIV n = 188 (%) | TB-Hepatitis n = 60 (%) | TB-DM-HIV n = 7 (%) | TB-DM-Hepatitis n = 11 (%) | TB-HIV-Hepatitis n = 79 (%) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||||||
 Male | 778(63.7) | 381 (54.7) | 93 (51.7) | 178 (94.7) | 33 (55) | 7 (100) | 10 (90.1) | 76 (96.2) | <  0.001 |
 Female | 444 (36.3) | 316 (45.3) | 87 (48.3) | 10 (5.3) | 27 (45) | 0 | 1 (9.9) | 3 (3.8) |  |
Age (years) | |||||||||
 ≤ 15 | 55 (4.5) | 47 (6.7) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (3.3) | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 1 (1.3) |  |
 16–25 | 177 (14.5) | 136 (19.5) | 11 (6.1) | 13 (6.9) | 8 (13.3) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (18.2) | 6 (7.6) |  |
 26–35 | 296 (24.2) | 169 (24.2) | 30 (16.7) | 66 (35) | 9 (15) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (18.2) | 19 (24.1) | <  0.001 |
 36–45 | 224 (18.3) | 103 (14.8) | 22 (12.2) | 52 (27.7) | 15 (25) | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 31 (39.2) |  |
 46–55 | 233 (19.1) | 114 (16.4) | 54 (30) | 36 (19.1) | 14 (23.3) | 0 | 0 | 15 (19) |  |
 56–65 | 170 (13.9) | 81 (11.6) | 51 (28.3) | 16 (8.5) | 7 (11.7) | 3 (42.9) | 6 (54.5) | 6 (7.6) |  |
 ≥ 66 | 67 (5.5) | 47 (6.7) | 9 (5) | 4 (2.1) | 5 (8.3) | 0 | 1 (9.1) | 1 (1.3) |  |
Race | |||||||||
 Malay | 389(31.8) | 183 (26.3) | 54 (30) | 89 (47.3) | 22 (36.7) | 2 (28.6) | 4 (36.4) | 35 (44.3) |  |
 Chinese | 292 (23.9) | 155 (22.2) | 43 (23.9) | 52 (27.7) | 19 (31.7) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (18.2) | 19 (24.1) |  |
 Indian | 128 (10.5) | 66 (9.5) | 21 (11.7) | 21 (11.2) | 6 (10) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (18.2) | 10 (12.7) |  |
 Immigrants Indonesian | 63 (5.2) | 40 (5.7) | 12 (6.7) | 5 (2.7) | 2 (3.3) | 0 | 0 | 4 (5.1) | <  0.001 |
 Immigrants Philippines | 45 (3.7) | 30 (4.3) | 12 (6.7) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (9.1) | 1 (1.3) |  |
 Sarawakian | 87 (7.1) | 58 (8.3) | 15 (8.3) | 7 (3.7) | 3 (5) | 0 | 0 | 4 (5.1) |  |
 Sabahian | 189 (15.5) | 149 (21.4) | 22 (12.2) | 5 (2.7) | 7 (11.7) | 1 (14.3) | 2 (18.2) | 3 (3.8) |  |
 Others | 29 (2.4) | 16 (2.3) | 1 (0.6) | 8 (4.3) | 1 (1.7) | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.8) |  |
Patient category | |||||||||
 Unknown | 23 (1.9) | 9 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 11 (5.9) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.5) | <  0.001 |
 New | 1131 (92.6) | 652 (93.5) | 169 (93.8) | 166 (88.2) | 57 (95) | 7 (100) | 6 (54.5) | 74 (93.7) |  |
 Relapse | 68 (5.6) | 36 (5.2) | 10 (5.6) | 11 (5.9) | 3 (5) | 0 | 5 (45.5) | 3 (3.8) |  |
Residency | |||||||||
 Urban | 819 (67) | 494 (70.9) | 149 (82.8) | 88 (46.8) | 46 (76.7) | 1 (14.3) | 10 (90.1) | 31 (39.2) | <  0.001 |
 Rural | 403 (33) | 203 (29.1) | 31 (17.2) | 100 (53.2) | 14 (23.3) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (9.1) | 48 (60.8) |  |
Smoking habit | |||||||||
 Ex-smoker | 166 (13.6) | 105 (15.1) | 38 (21.1) | 8 (4.3) | 11 (18.3) | 0 | 1 (9.1) | 3 (3.8) | <  0.001 |
 No | 647 (52.9) | 402 (57.7) | 91 (50.6) | 85 (45.2) | 28 (46.7) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (45.5) | 35 (44.3) |  |
 Yes | 409 (33.5) | 190 (27.3) | 51 (28.3) | 95 (50.5) | 21 (35) | 6 (85.7) | 5 (45.5) | 41 (51.9) |  |
Drinking Habit | |||||||||
 Unknown | 12 (1) | 5 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.8) | <  0.001 |
 No | 1094 (89.5) | 660 (94.7) | 176 (97.8) | 127 (67.6) | 56 (93.3) | 5 (71.4) | 10 (90.1) | 60 (75.9) |  |
 Yes | 116 (9.5) | 32 (4.6) | 2 (1.1) | 59 (31.4) | 4 (6.7) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (9.1) | 16 (20.3) |  |
IVDUa | |||||||||
 Unknown | 23 (1.9) | 7 (1) | 0 | 2 (1.1) | 1 (1.7) | 1 (14.3) | 0 | 12 (15.2) | <  0.001 |
 No | 1113 (91) | 659 (94.5) | 177 (98.3) | 152 (80.9) | 53 (88.3) | 4 (57.1) | 10 (90.1) | 58 (73.4) |  |
 Yes | 86 (7.1) | 31 (4.4) | 3 (1.7) | 34 (18.1) | 6 (10) | 2 (28.6) | 1 (9.1) | 9 (11.4) |  |
Marital status | |||||||||
 Unknown | 22 (1.8) | 6 (0.9) | 1 (0.6) | 12 (6.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (3.8) | <  0.001 |
 Married | 539 (44.1) | 224 (32.1) | 45 (25) | 51 (27.1) | 18 (30) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (9.1) | 28 (35.5) |  |
 Unmarried | 832 (68.1) | 467 (67) | 134 (74.4) | 125 (66.5) | 42 (70) | 6 (85.7) | 10 (90.1) | 48 (60.8) |  |
Education | |||||||||
 Unknown | 876 (71.7) | 512 (73.5) | 119 (66.1) | 121 (64.4) | 46 (76.7) | 4 (57.1) | 8 (72.7) | 65 (82.3) |  |
 Primary | 111 (9.1) | 69 (9.9) | 15 (8.3) | 17 (9) | 3 (5) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (9.1) | 6 (7.6) |  |
 Secondary | 84 (6.9) | 52 (7.5) | 23 (12.8) | 4 (2.1) | 3 (5) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (9.1) | 0 |  |
 College | 42 (3.4) | 20 (2.9) | 10 (5.6) | 8 (4.3) | 3 (5) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.3) | <  0.001 |
 University | 8 (0.7) | 5 (0.7) | 0 | 3 (1.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |  |
 Diploma | 20 (1.6) | 7 (1) | 2 (1.1) | 9 (4.8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (2.5) |  |
 No formal education | 81 (6.6) | 32 (4.6) | 11 (6.1) | 26 (13.8) | 5 (8.3) | 1 (14.3) | 1 (9.1) | 5 (6.3) |  |
Employment status | |||||||||
 Unknown | 188 (15.4) | 76 (10.9) | 26 (14.4) | 67 (35.6) | 4 (6.7) | 0 | 1 (9.1) | 14 (17.7) | <  0.001 |
 Employed | 342 (28) | 200 (28.7) | 63 (35) | 44 (23.4) | 19 (31.7) | 4 (57.1) | 4 (36.4) | 12 (15.2) |  |
 Unemployed | 692 (56.6) | 421 (60.4) | 91 (50.6) | 77 (41) | 37 (61.7) | 3 (42.9) | 6 (54.5) | 53 (67.1) |  |