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Table 2 Risk factors of development TB within 1 year of TB screening among 1064 HIV infected, TB screening negative adults at the Mae Chang day care center

From: Predicting the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis based on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio at TB screening in HIV-infected individuals

Variables

Category

TB screening negative for TB

New TB cases

Hazard Ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI)

p-value†

N = 1064

N = 60

NL ratio

per unit

1.66 (1.14–2.54)

2.63 (1.68–4.53)

1.13 (1.08–1.18)

1.06 (1.00–1.13)

0.069

Age (years)

Under 30

217

14 (6.5%)

1.02 (0.54–1.93)

1.30 (0.68–2.48)

0.391

30–39

482

30 (6.2%)

reference

reference

Over 40

365

16 (4.4%)

0.68 (0.37–1.25)

0.77 (0.41–1.45)

Sex

Male

473

37 (7.8%)

2.06 (1.22–3.46)

1.76 (1.02–3.05)

0.039

Female

587

23 (3.9%)

reference

reference

Missing data

4

0

–

 

Ethnicity

Thai

748

40 (5.4%)

reference

reference

0.281

Hill tribe

198

15 (7.6%)

1.36 (0.75–2.46)

1.29 (0.69–2.42)

Others

118

5 (4.2%)

0.80 (0.32–2.04)

0.59 (0.22–1.54)

Year of DCC registration

2002–2006

467

28 (6.0%)

reference

reference

0.259

2007–2011

477

27 (5.7%)

0.87 (0.51–1.47)

0.78 (0.44–1.39)

2012–2015

120

5 (4.2%)

0.64 (0.25–1.65)

0.45 (0.16–1.25)

CD4 counts (cells/mm3)

< 50

242

25 (10.3%)

7.53 (3.61–15.71)

4.20 (1.75–10.08)

< 0.001

50–199

269

25 (9.3%)

5.78 (2.77–12.03)

4.36 (2.00–9.50)

≧200

553

10 (1.8%)

reference

reference

ART

No

592

40 (6.8%)

reference

reference

0.357

Past/Current

330

12 (3.6%)

0.49 (0.25–0.92)

0.71 (0.35–1.44)

Start during follow-up

123

7 (5.7%)

0.83 (0.38–1.86)

0.51 (0.21–1.20)

Missing data

19

1 (5.3%)

0.69 (0.09–5.01)

1.53 (0.20–11.78)

TST (Positive: > 5 mm)

Negative

945

51(5.4%)

reference

reference

0.019

Positive

79

8 (10.1%)

1.88 (0.89–3.96)

3.52 (1.58–7.84)

Not tested

40

1 (2.5%)

0.54 (0.07–3.88)

0.55 (0.08–4.05)

Abnormal X ray

No

808

42 (5.2%)

reference

reference

0.800

Yes

250

18 (7.2%)

1.47 (0.85–2.56)

1.08 (0.61–1.90)

No tested

6

0

–

–

TB symptomsb

No

680

17 (2.5%)

reference

reference

< 0.001

At least one symptom

384

43 (11.2%)

5.19 (2.96–9.11)

3.14 (1.70–5.79)

  1. TB Tuberculosis, CI Confidence interval, NL Neutrophil to lymphocyte, DCC Day care center, ART Anti-retroviral treatment, TST Tuberculin skin test
  2. aTB symptoms include cough, night sweats, fever, weight loss, and hemoptysis within 4 weeks
  3. †p-values were calculated using likelihood ratio test