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Table 1 Characteristics of patients in the oral switch stewardship program

From: Intravenous-to-oral antibiotic switch therapy: a cross-sectional study in critical care units

Data

All (n = 349)

No oral switch (n = 238)

Oral switch (n = 111)

P-value

Odds ratio

Multivariable analysis

N

%

 

%

 

%

Male

208

59.7%

132

56%

77

69%

0.010

1.79 (1.11–2.89)

NS

Female

140

40.3%

106

45%

34

31%

   

Heart failure class IV

41

12%

25

11%

16

15%

0.181

  

Immunosuppression

27

8%

17

7%

10

9%

0.324

  

Cirrhosis

7

2%

5

2.1%

2

1.8%

0.662

  

Site of infection

 Respiratory

189

54.3%

122

51.3%

67

60.9%

   

 Urinary

38

10.9%

32

13.4%

6

5.5%

   

 Abdominal

45

12.9%

37

15.5%

8

7.3%

   

 Bloodstream

24

6.9%

22

9.2%

2

1.8%

   

 Skin and soft tissue

25

7.2%

11

4.6%

14

12.7%

   

 Central nervous system

4

1.1%

4

1.7%

0

0%

   

 Others

7

2.4%

0

0%

7

6.3%

   

 Undefined

15

4.3%

10

4.2%

5

4.5%

   

Vasoactive drug

 Vasopressin

71

20.4%

62

26.1%

9

8.2%

< 0.001

0.25 (0.12–0.53)

NS

 Noradrenalin

205

58.9%

137

57.6%

68

61.8%

0.264

  

 Dobutamine

153

44%

117

49.2%

36

32.7%

  

Acute Kidney Injury

69

19.8%

54

22.6%

15

13.5%

0.032

 

NS

Antibiotic

 Aminoglycoside

75

21.6%

31

26.1%

22

11.8%

0.002

0.38 (0.19–0.72)

0.014

 Polymyxin

12

3.4%

11

4.6%

1

0.9%

0.065

  

 Cefazolin

8

2.3%

1

0%

7

6.4%

0.002

16.1 (1.97–132.59)

0.004

 Ceftriaxone

112

32.2%

82

34.5%

30

27.3%

0.113

  

 Cefepime

122

34.2%

82

34.5%

40

36.4%

0.409

  

 Carbapenem

39

11.2%

37

15.5%

2

1.8%

< 0.001

0.10 (0.02–0.42)

NS

 Quinolone

77

22.1%

10

4.2%

67

60.9%

< 0.001

40.71 (19.76–83.89)

< 0.001

 Vancomycin

95

27.3%

86

36.1%

9

8.2%

< 0.001

0.15 (0.07–0.32)

NS

 SMX/TMP

24

6.9%

16

6.7%

8

7.3%

0.506

  

 Metronidazole/clindamycin

50

14.3%

37

15.5%

13

11.8%

0.226

  

 Macrolide

24

6.9%

15

6.0%

9

8.2%

0.332

  

 Penicillin

39

 

8

3.4%

31

28.2%

< 0.001

11.28 (4.97–25.56)

0.001

Mortality

44

12.6%

35

14.7%

9

8.2%

0.060

  

Age

64 (53–73)

 

65 (55–74)

 

64 (51–73)

 

0.327

  

APACHE II score

15.5 (12–19)

 

16.5 (13–19)

 

15 (14–17)

 

0.061

 

0.003

SOFA score

3 (2–5)

 

3 (2–5)

 

3 (2–4)

 

0.112

  

IV antibiotic duration (days)

5 (4–7)

 

7 (5–10)

 

3 (2–4)

 

< 0.001

 

NS

Oral antibiotic duration (days)

  

0

 

4 (3–5)

 

  

Mechanical ventilation (days)

3 (2–4)

 

3 (2–4)

 

3 (1.75–4)

 

0.008

 

NS

Total hospitalization (days)

13 (8–21)

 

13 (8–22)

 

13(8–20)

 

0.665

  

Days in the ICU

6 (4–9)

 

6 (4–10)

 

5 (3–7)

 

0.029

 

NS

  1. Penicillins – ampicillin/sulbactam; amoxicillin; amoxicillin/clavulanate
  2. SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment, IV Intravenous, ICU Intensive care unit, SMX/TMP Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, APACHE Acute physiologic assessment and chronic health evaluation