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Table 1 Characteristics of children 2–59 months of age in Palwal, India and correlates of pneumococcal colonization

From: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among children in India prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: a cross-sectional study

Characteristic

Children with clinical pneumonia (n = 91)

Children in the community (n = 510)

p-valuec

Total N (%)a

Colonized N (%)a

p-valueb

Total N (%)a

Colonized N (%)a

p-valueb

Sex

  

0.75

  

0.81

0.08

 Male

54 (59.3)

41 (75.9)

 

253 (49.6)

139 (55.1)

  

 Female

37 (40.7)

27 (73.0)

 

257 (50.4)

139 (54.1)

  

Age (months)

  

0.98

  

0.69

0.22

 2–11

23 (25.3)

17 (73.9)

 

130 (25.5)

75 (57.7)

  

 12–23

27 (29.7)

20 (74.1)

 

111 (21.8)

60 (54.1)

  

 24–59

41 (45.1)

31 (75.6)

 

269 (52.8)

143 (53.2)

  

Recruitment location, n (%)

      

< 0.0001

 District hospital

15 (16.5)

13 (86.7)

0.21

10 (2.0)

2 (20.0)

0.06

 

 Private hospitals

6 (6.6)

3 (50.0)

 

0

0

  

 Primary care clinics

70 (76.9)

52 (74.3)

 

14 (2.7)

6 (42.9)

  

 Anganwadi centersd

0

0

 

486 (95.3)

270 (55.6)

  

Weight-for-age Z-score

  

0.95

  

0.25

0.31

  < −3

22 (24.2)

17 (77.3)

 

117 (23.0)

64 (54.7)

  

 −3 to < −2

31 (34.1)

23 (74.2)

 

138 (27.2)

83 (60.1)

  

  ≥ −2

38 (41.8)

28 (73.7)

 

253 (49.8)

130 (51.4)

  

Length-for-age Z-score

  

0.60

  

0.41

0.02

  < −3

15 (16.9)

10 (66.7)

 

110 (21.7)

62 (56.4)

  

 −3 to < −2

10 (11.2)

7 (70.0)

 

110 (21.7)

65 (59.1)

  

  ≥ −2

64 (71.9)

50 (78.1)

 

288 (56.7)

150 (52.1)

  

Weight-for-length Z-score

  

0.33

  

0.33

0.03

  < −3

22 (24.7)

17 (77.3)

 

96 (18.9)

48 (50.0)

  

 −3 to < −2

22 (24.7)

14 (63.6)

 

82 (16.2)

50 (61.0)

  

  ≥ −2

45 (50.6)

36 (80.0)

 

329 (64.9)

178 (54.1)

  

Received antibiotics in past 48 h

  

0.04

 

n/a

 

n/a

 No - definitely/unlikely

46 (50.5)

39 (84.8)

     

 Yes - definitely/likely

18 (19.8)

10 (55.6)

     

 Unknown

27 (29.7)

19 (70.4)

     

Danger signs

  

1

 

n/a

 

n/a

 None

71 (80.7)

52 (73.2)

     

 Any

17 (19.3)

13 (76.5)

     

Tachypnea

  

1

 

n/a

 

n/a

 No

1 (1.1)

1 (100.0)

     

 Yes

88 (98.9)

66 (75.0)

     

Duration of illness

  

0.74

 

n/a

 

n/a

 1–2 days

58 (63.7)

44 (75.9)

     

  ≥ 3 days

33 (36.3)

24 (72.7)

     

Hospitalized

  

0.60

 

n/a

  

 No

85 (94.4)

64 (75.3)

     

 Yes

5 (5.6)

3 (60.0)

     
  1. n/a – not applicable
  2. aPercentages provided in the ‘Total’ column are column percentages; Percentages provided in the ‘Colonized’ column are row percentages
  3. bp-value for comparison of the proportion colonized within each study population using chi-square tests
  4. cp-value for comparison of characteristics between study populations (children with clinical pneumonia and community children) using chi-square tests for categorical variables and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous variables
  5. dDaycare center