Characteristic | Children with clinical pneumonia (n = 91) | Children in the community (n = 510) | p-valuec | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total N (%)a | Colonized N (%)a | p-valueb | Total N (%)a | Colonized N (%)a | p-valueb | ||
Sex | Â | Â | 0.75 | Â | Â | 0.81 | 0.08 |
 Male | 54 (59.3) | 41 (75.9) |  | 253 (49.6) | 139 (55.1) |  |  |
 Female | 37 (40.7) | 27 (73.0) |  | 257 (50.4) | 139 (54.1) |  |  |
Age (months) | Â | Â | 0.98 | Â | Â | 0.69 | 0.22 |
 2–11 | 23 (25.3) | 17 (73.9) |  | 130 (25.5) | 75 (57.7) |  |  |
 12–23 | 27 (29.7) | 20 (74.1) |  | 111 (21.8) | 60 (54.1) |  |  |
 24–59 | 41 (45.1) | 31 (75.6) |  | 269 (52.8) | 143 (53.2) |  |  |
Recruitment location, n (%) |  |  |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 District hospital | 15 (16.5) | 13 (86.7) | 0.21 | 10 (2.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0.06 |  |
 Private hospitals | 6 (6.6) | 3 (50.0) |  | 0 | 0 |  |  |
 Primary care clinics | 70 (76.9) | 52 (74.3) |  | 14 (2.7) | 6 (42.9) |  |  |
 Anganwadi centersd | 0 | 0 |  | 486 (95.3) | 270 (55.6) |  |  |
Weight-for-age Z-score | Â | Â | 0.95 | Â | Â | 0.25 | 0.31 |
  < −3 | 22 (24.2) | 17 (77.3) |  | 117 (23.0) | 64 (54.7) |  |  |
 −3 to < −2 | 31 (34.1) | 23 (74.2) |  | 138 (27.2) | 83 (60.1) |  |  |
  ≥ −2 | 38 (41.8) | 28 (73.7) |  | 253 (49.8) | 130 (51.4) |  |  |
Length-for-age Z-score | Â | Â | 0.60 | Â | Â | 0.41 | 0.02 |
  < −3 | 15 (16.9) | 10 (66.7) |  | 110 (21.7) | 62 (56.4) |  |  |
 −3 to < −2 | 10 (11.2) | 7 (70.0) |  | 110 (21.7) | 65 (59.1) |  |  |
  ≥ −2 | 64 (71.9) | 50 (78.1) |  | 288 (56.7) | 150 (52.1) |  |  |
Weight-for-length Z-score | Â | Â | 0.33 | Â | Â | 0.33 | 0.03 |
  < −3 | 22 (24.7) | 17 (77.3) |  | 96 (18.9) | 48 (50.0) |  |  |
 −3 to < −2 | 22 (24.7) | 14 (63.6) |  | 82 (16.2) | 50 (61.0) |  |  |
  ≥ −2 | 45 (50.6) | 36 (80.0) |  | 329 (64.9) | 178 (54.1) |  |  |
Received antibiotics in past 48 h |  |  | 0.04 |  | n/a |  | n/a |
 No - definitely/unlikely | 46 (50.5) | 39 (84.8) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes - definitely/likely | 18 (19.8) | 10 (55.6) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Unknown | 27 (29.7) | 19 (70.4) |  |  |  |  |  |
Danger signs | Â | Â | 1 | Â | n/a | Â | n/a |
 None | 71 (80.7) | 52 (73.2) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Any | 17 (19.3) | 13 (76.5) |  |  |  |  |  |
Tachypnea | Â | Â | 1 | Â | n/a | Â | n/a |
 No | 1 (1.1) | 1 (100.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 88 (98.9) | 66 (75.0) |  |  |  |  |  |
Duration of illness | Â | Â | 0.74 | Â | n/a | Â | n/a |
 1–2 days | 58 (63.7) | 44 (75.9) |  |  |  |  |  |
  ≥ 3 days | 33 (36.3) | 24 (72.7) |  |  |  |  |  |
Hospitalized | Â | Â | 0.60 | Â | n/a | Â | Â |
 No | 85 (94.4) | 64 (75.3) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Yes | 5 (5.6) | 3 (60.0) |  |  |  |  |  |