Table 1 Reported cases of rabies with abnormal sexual behaviors as the presenting manifestations
Authors (Reference) | Published year | Country | Case (sex, age) | Sexual manifestation | Duration of the manifestation | Diagnosis methods |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gardner [42] | 1970 | Burma | 1 (M, NR) | Desperate increase in libido | NR | Negri bodies were indeed seen on section of this patient’s hippocampus |
Talaulicar [44] | 1977 | India | 1 (M, 25Y) | Persistent priapism# | 1.5D | Medical history, clinical manifestation, dog was proved rabid. |
Bhandari & Kumar [7] | 1986 | India | 1 (M, 56Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day, penile hyperexcitability# | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Jiang, et al [11] | 1986 | China | 1 (M, 41Y) | Urgent urination, urinary endless and spermatorrhea# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Wang, et al [23] | 1987 | China | 1 (M, 40Y) | Priapism, spermiation# | 15D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Madhusudana et al [43] | 1988 | India | 1 (M, 34Y) | Increased libido, frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | NR | Medical history and clinical manifestation, corneal smears were positive for rabies antigen by fluorescent antibody technique |
Udwadia et al [8] | 1988 | India | 1 (M, 47Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 2D | Medical history, clinical manifestation, Negri bodies in brain tissue by autopsy, and positive result of Swiss albino mouse inoculation test |
Wang, et al [38] | 1989 | China | 2 (2 M, 32Y & 44Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 5D & 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Lin, et al [20] | 1989 | China | 1 (M, 52Y) | Spermatorrhea > 10 times, painful penis# | 3D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Liu, et al [12] | 1990 | China | 1 (M, 65Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 50 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Xiao, et al [15] | 1990 | China | 1 (M. 41Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 50 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Luo, et al [35] | 1990 | China | 1 (M, 35Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Zhang, et al [37] | 1990 | China | 1 (M, 35Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 20 times a day# | 5D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Yang, et al [25] | 1990 | China | 1 (M, 33Y) | Frequent spermatorrhea | 3D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Ma, et al [17] | 1991 | China | 1 (M, 35Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 20 times a day | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Fu, et al [19] | 1991 | China | 1 (M, 28Y) | Priapism > 50 times a day | 3D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Zhan, et al [32] | 1991 | China | 1 (M, 30Y) | Priapism and spermatorrhea 5–10 times# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Chou et al [31] | 1991 | China | 1 (M, 46Y) | Frequent spermatorrhea# | 11D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Ge, et al [16] | 1992 | China | 2 (2 M, 40Y & 56Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 4D & 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Xiao, et al [27] | 1992 | China | 1 (M, 62Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 8D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Wei, et al [30] | 1992 | China | 1 (M, 61Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 50 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Niu, et al [14] | 1993 | China | 1 (M, 68Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 20 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Feng, et al [21] | 1994 | China | 1 (F, 45Y) | Feeling of ants climb in vagina# | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Geng, et al [36] | 1994 | China | 1 (M, 59Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 7D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Li, et al [45] | 1994 | China | 1 (M, 52Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation < 10 times a day# | 7D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
He, et al [34] | 1994 | China | 1 (M, 65Y) | Pain of penis# | 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Li, et al [26] | 1994 | China | 1 (M, 32Y) | Priapism and ejaculation > 10 times# | 3D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Tang, et al [24] | 1994 | China | 1 (M, 27Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day | 5D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Zhang, et al [13] | 1995 | China | 1 (M, 34Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 5D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Dutta [5] | 1996 | India | 1 (F, 28Y) | Hypersexuality# | 10D | Medical history, clinical manifestation and Negri bodies in brain tissue by autopsy |
Cai, et al [29] | 1997 | China | 2 (2 M, 29Y & 31Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 50 times a day# | 8D & 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Yang, et al [18] | 1998 | China | 1 (M, 40 + Y) | Priapism | 1D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Du, et al [22] | 1999 | China | 1 (M, 26Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 20 times a day# | 10D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Wu, et al [28] | 2000 | China | 5 (5 M, 18-52Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 5-7D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Zhong, et al [33] | 2000 | China | 1 (M, 54Y) | Frequent erection and Ejaculation > 11 times a day# | 7D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Li, et al [40] | 2000 | China | 1 (M, 39Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 30 times a day# | 4D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Ou, et al [46] | 2005 | China | 1 (M, 35Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 10 times a day# | 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Daher, et al [41] | 2005 | Brazil | 1 (NR, NR) | Priapism | NR | Clinical manifestations, laboratory tests and postmortem findings |
Tan, et al [10] | 2007 | China | 1 (M, 71Y) | Severe pain of scrotum and testicles# | 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Li, et al [39] | 2011 | China | 1 (M, 43Y) | Priapism and ejaculation < 10 times a day# | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Liu, et al [47] | 2011 | China | 1 (M, 8Y) | Priapism and ejaculation 0 times# | 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Senthilkumaran et al [6] | 2011 | India | 1 (F, 28Y) | Hypersexuality, frequent intercourse and frequent orgasm# | 6D | Medical history, clinical manifestation, imaging, CSF PCR and skin biopsy |
Depani & Molyneux [4] | 2012 | Malawi | 1 (M, 6Y) | Priapism with pain# | 1D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Qin, et al [48] | 2012 | China | 1 (M, 52Y) | Priapism and ejaculation < 10 times a day# | 3D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Lei, et al [9] | 2012 | China | 1 (M, 53Y) | Priapism | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Liu, et al [49] | 2013 | China | 1 (M, 48Y) | Priapism | 2D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Gao, et al [50] | 2014 | China | 1 (M, 66Y) | Priapism and ejaculation > 5 times a day# | 8D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |
Yan, et al. | Submitted | China | 1 (M, 32Y) | Frequent erection and ejaculation > 40 times a day# | 6D | Medical history and clinical manifestation |