Table 4 Risk of Bias assessment for included studies

Abdulla et al., 2010 [22]

Low

Afegbua et al., 2013 [27]

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population; 2) No description of how survey was conducted is given

Al-Aziz et al., 2008 [28]

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population

Blanchi et al., 2014 [23]

Low

Bonney et al., 2013 [29]

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population

Bouskraoui et al., 2009 [30]

Low

Burrous et al., 2010 [31]

Low

El-Karasksy et al., 2008 [32]

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population

Ellis et al., 2008 [33]

Low

Enoch et al., 2019 [21]

Low

Forbi et al., 2012 [34]

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population

Forbi et al., 2012_2 [35]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Guenifi et al., 2017 [36]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Ikobah et al., 2015 [37]

Low

1) Selection of total anti-HAV antibody testing may confound results

Jablonka et al., 2017 [38]

Low

Klouwenberg et al., 2011 [39]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Lopes et al., 2017 [40]

Low

1) Years of data collection not described in publication

Louati et al., 2009 [41]

Low

Majori et al., 2008 [26]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Mazanderani et al., 2018 [11]

Low

Mphaka et al., 2016 [42]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population; 2) No random selection or census undertaken

Murchiri et al., 2012 [43]

Low

1) Purposive sampling leads to selection bias; 2) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Nagu et al., 2008 [44]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Neffatti et al., 2017 [45]

Low

Ogefere et al., 2016 [46]

Low

1) Sampling method may have led to selection bias

Raabe et al., 2014 [24]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Rabenau et al., 2010 [47]

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Rezig et al., 2008 (55)

Low

Smahi et al., 2009 (56)

Low

Sule et al., 2013 (57)

Low

1) Selection of research population was not justified as generalizable to entire population

Tantawy et al., 2012 (58)

Low

Traore et al., 2012 (59)

Low

1) Selection of research location was convenience and not justified as generalizable to entire population