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Table 2 Common aetiologies of AUFI stratified by age

From: Diversity of infectious aetiologies of acute undifferentiated febrile illnesses in south and Southeast Asia: a systematic review

Organism

Adults (n; %)

Children (n; %)

UAG (n; %)

Total (n; %)

Viral aetiologies

2169 (18.6)

1625 (23.8)

11,094 (17.9)

14,888 (18.5)

Dengue

1928 (16.6)

1281 (18.7)

6302 (10.2)

9511 (11.8)

JE***

5 (0.0)

71 (1.0)

233 (0.4)

309 (0.4)

Influenza**

180 (1.5)

48 (0.7)

2286 (3.7)

2514 (3.1)

H1N1

5 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

513 (0.8)

519 (0.6)

Chikungunya

15 (0.1)

114 (1.7)

326 (0.5)

455 (0.6)

Hepatitis A

8 (0.1)

7 (0.1)

58 (0.1)

73 (0.1)

Hepatitis B

5 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

267 (0.4)

272 (0.3)

Hepatitis E

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1038 (1.7)

1040 (1.3)

Flavi virus

0 (0.0)

65 (1.0)

0 (0.0)

65 (0.1)

Para influenza 1

0 (0.0)

10 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

10 (0.0)

Para influenza 3

0 (0.0)

28 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

28 (0.0)

Hanta virus

2 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

71 (0.1)

73 (0.1)

HIV

19 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

19 (0.0)

Bacterial aetiologies

3037 (26.1)

435 (6.4)

6912 (11.1)

10,384 (12.9)

Leptospirosis

732 (6.3)

88 (1.3)

2729 (4.4)

3549 (4.4)

Typhoid

696 (6.0)

107 (1.6)

2455 (4.0)

3258 (4.0)

Paratyphoid

57 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

57 (0.1)

Rickettsiosis diseases

1449 (12.5)

140 (2.0)

1654 (2.7)

3243 (4.0)

Scrub typhus

1244 (10.7)

103 (1.5)

1512 (2.4)

2859 (3.5)

Murine typhus

171 (1.5)

0 (0.0)

101 (0.2)

272 (0.3)

Spotted fever

34 (0.3)

37 (0.5)

41 (0.1)

112 (0.1)

Q fever

7 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

7 (0.0)

E coli

11 (0.1)

21 (0.3)

26 (0.0)

58 (0.1)

Burkholderia pseudomallei

3 (0.0)

14 (0.2)

6 (0.0)

23 (0.0)

Tuberculosis

29 (0.2)

6 (0.1)

8 (0.0)

43 (0.1)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

1 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

Haemophilus influenza

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

9 (0.0)

9 (0.0)

Staph aureus

0 (0.0)

37 (0.5)

12 (0.0)

49 (0.1)

Strep pneumoniae

51 (0.4)

18 (0.3)

6 (0.0)

75 (0.1)

Strep Gr A

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

Strep Gr C

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Neisseria meningitis

1 (0.0)

4 (0.1)

2 (0.0)

7 (0.0)

Protozoa

1139 (9.8)

57 (0.8)

1085 (1.7)

2281 (2.8)

Malaria

1139 (9.8)

57 (0.8)

1085 (1.7)

2281 (2.8)

Fungal aetiologies

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

3 (0.0)

Yeast non-Cryptococci

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

2 (0.0)

Cryptococcus neoformans

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

1 (0.0)

Co infections

251 (2.2)

30 (0.4)

700 (1.1)

981 (1.2)

Co infection*

226 (1.9)

30 (0.4)

484 (0.8)

740 (0.9)

Co infection

25 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

210 (0.3)

235 (0.3)

Co infection

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

6 (0.0)

6 (0.0)

Unknown/others

5036 (43.3)

4693 (68.6)

42,274 (68.1)

52,003 (64.6)

Deaths

125 (33.1)

81 (21.4)

172 (45.5)

378 (100.0)

  1. UAG Unknown age group, ***JE Japanese B Encephalitis; 39 cases in the manuscript could not be assigned to any age group; **influenza other than H1N1; *co-infection with two organisms; co-infection with three organisms; co-infection with more than three organisms
  2. The bold face shows the cumulative number of the stratified groups