Factors associated with first-line antiretroviral treatment failure in adult HIV-positive patients: a case-control study from Ethiopia

Table 2 Risk factors for ART failure in adult HIV-positive patients, Southeast Ethiopia, 2015–2017

Variables	Bivariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
Variables	COR	95% CI	P-value	AOR	95% CI	P-value
Illiterate	0.9	0.4–1.8	0.714
Small family ≤5	1.5	0.8–2.8	0.245
Residence in rural area	1.6	0.9–2.9	0.092	1.4	0.6–2.9	0.396
Unemployed	4.1	0.7–23	0.105	1.5	0.1–27.2	0.775
Unmarried	1.5	0.9–2.6	0.100	1.4	0.7–2.7	0.379
Alcohol	3.1	0.4–25.9	0.303
smoking cigarette	2.0	0.4–10.3	0.390
Khat** chewing	1.3	0.4–4.9	0.650
Main diet wheat or barley vs other food	1.8	0.9–3.5	0.093	2.3	0.9–5.4	0.064
Main diet teff vs wheat or barley	0.6	0.3–1.2	0.147
Baseline CD4 lymphocyte count ≤50 cells/mm³	3.7	1.7–7.8	< 0.001	3.8	1.5–9.6	0.005
Baseline WHO stage 4	3.9	1.3–12.0	0.018	0.3	0.1–1.4	0.138
Discontinuation of ART	7.4	3.9–13.8	< 0.001	9.8	4.0–23.8	< 0.001
< 1 month	8.5	3.7–19.6	< 0.001
> 1 month	6.3	2.8–14.5	< 0.001
AZT based regimen	1.5	0.9–2.5	0.121	1.3	0.7–2.6	0.392
Missed ART follow-up	2.6	1.3–5.1	0.007	1.6	0.6–4.8	0.362
Repeated or persistent diarrhea	4.6	1.9–11.3	< 0.001	4.4	1.5–13.2	0.007
Dyspepsia	1.3	0.8–2.3	0.305
Psychiatric illness	3.1	0.9–11.4	0.082	0.6	0.3–1.5	0.272
Anti-HCV positive	2.0	0.2–18.4	0.531
HBsAg positive	1.5	0.04–5.8	0.534
H. pylori antigen positive	0.7	0.4–1.3	0.314
VDRL positive	0.5	0.3_1.1	0.074	0.6	0.3–1.5	0.272

Note: ART: Antiretroviral Therapy; AZT: Azidothymidine (Zidovudine); CI: Confidence interval; COR: Crude odds ratio; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; VDRL: Venereal disease research laboratory; WHO: World Health Organization. *Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a gluten-free cereal traditionally grown in Ethiopia [25]. ** Khat (Catha edulis) is a plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula and contains psychoactive substances that have a high abuse potential [26]

ISSN: 1471-2334