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Table 1 Socio-demographic and baseline clinical characteristic of adult HIV-positive patients, Southeast Ethiopia, 2015–2017

From: Factors associated with first-line antiretroviral treatment failure in adult HIV-positive patients: a case-control study from Ethiopia

Variables

Total (N = 273)

Patients with ART failure (Cases) (N = 91)

Patients without ART failure (Controls) (N = 182)

Gender-male

149 (55%)

52 (19%)

97 (36%)

Median age in years (IQR)

40 (11)

39 (10)

40 (12)

Religion

 Orthodox Christian

187 (69%)

62 (23%)

125 (46%)

 Muslim

160 (21%)

20 (7%)

37 (14%)

 Protestant

27 (10%)

9 (3%)

18 (7%)

 Others

2 (1%)

0 (0%)

2 (1%)

Marital status

 Married

160 (59%)

47 (17%)

113 (41%)

 Not married

113 (41%)

44 (16%)

69 (25%)

Family size

  ≤ 5 family members

217 (80%)

76 (28%)

141 (52%)

  > 5 family members

54 (20%)

13 (5%)

41 (15%)

Educational status

 Illiterate

39 (14%)

12 (4%)

27 (10%)

 Literate

234 (86%)

79 (29%)

155 (57%)

Employment

 Employed

267 (98%)

87 (32%)

180 (66%)

 Unemployed

6 (2%)

4 (1%)

2 (1%)

Residence area

 Rural

67 (25%)

28 (10%)

39 (14%)

 Urban

206 (76%)

63 (23%)

143 (52%)

Khat** chewing

 Yes

10 (4%)

4 (4%)

6 (3%)

 No

263 (96%)

87 (96%)

176 (97%)

Alcohol use

 Yes

7 (3%)

1 (1%)

6 (3%)

 No

266 (97%)

90 (99%)

176 (97%)

Smoke cigarettes

 Yes

6 (2%)

3 (3%)

3 (2%)

 No

267 (98%)

88 (97%)

179 (98%)

Main diet

 Wheat or barley

40 (15%)

18 (20%)

22 (12%)

 Teff

165 (60%)

54 (60%)

111 (61%)

 Others

68 (25%)

19 (20%)

49 (27%)

Poor drug absorption

 Main diet wheat or barley with diarrhea

3 (1%)

3 (3%)

0 (0%)

 Main diet wheat or barley without diarrhea

37 (14%)

15 (16%)

22 (12%)

Duration on ART median in months (IQR)

69 (41)

64 (39)

72 (36)

Baseline CD4 lymphocyte count

  < 50 cells/mm3

33 (12%)

20 (22%)

13 (7%)

  ≥ 50 cells/mm3

240 (88%)

71 (78%)

169 (93%)

Baseline WHO HIV stage

 Stage 1

26 (10%)

8 (9%)

18 (10%)

 Stage 2

93 (34%)

22 (24%)

71 (39%)

 Stage 3

140 (51%)

52 (57%)

88 (48%)

 Stage 4

14 (5%)

9 (10%)

5 (3%)

ART regimen

 AZT based

130 (48%)

57 (63%)

96 (53%)

 TDF based

143 (52%)

34 (37%)

86 (47%)

TB treatment while taking ART

 Never

231 (85%)

58 (64%)

173 (95%)

 Once

33 (12%)

26 (28%)

7 (4%)

 Two times

8 (3%)

6 (7%)

2 (1%)

 Three or more

1 (0%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

 Never discontinued ART

212 (78%)

49 (54%)

163 (90%)

Discontinued ART (by duration)

61 (22%)

42 (46%)

19 (10%)

  <  1 month

32 (12%)

23 (25%)

9 (5%)

  >  1 month

29 (10%)

19 (21%)

10 (5%)

Missed ART follow-up

 Never

233 (85%)

70 (77%)

163 (89.5%)

 Sometimes

32 (12%)

14 (15%)

18 (10%)

 Often

8 (3%)

7 (8%)

1 (0.5%)

Repeated or persistent diarrhea

 Yes

24 (9%)

16 (18%)

8 (4%)

 No

249 (91%)

75 (82%)

174 (96%)

Psychiatric illness

 Yes

10 (4%)

6 (7%)

4 (2%)

 No

263 (96%)

85 (93%)

178 (98%)

Dyspepsia

 Yes

82 (30%)

31 (34%)

51 (28%)

 No

191 (70%)

60 (66%)

131 (72%)

Diabetic

 Yes

1 (0.4%)

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

 No

272 (99.6%)

90 (99%)

182 (100%)

Hypertensive

 Yes

3 (1%)

0 (0%)

3 (2%)

 No

270 (99%)

91 (100%)

179 (98%)

Stool H. pylori antigen positive

 Yes

64 (23%)

18 (20%)

46 (25%)

 No

209 (77%)

73 (80%)

136 (75%)

HBsAg positive

 Yes

12 (4%)

3 (3%)

9 (5%)

 No

261 (96%)

88 (97%)

173 (95%)

Anti-HCV positive

 Yes

5 (2%)

1 (1%)

4 (2%)

 No

268 (98%)

90 (99%)

174 (96%)

VRDL positive

 Yes

56 (20%)

13 (14%)

43 (24%)

 No

217 (80%)

78 (86%)

139 (76%)

  1. Note: ART: Antiretroviral Therapy; AZT: Azidothymidine (Zidovudine); HCV: Hepatitis C virus; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; IQR: interquartile range; TDF: Tenofovir; TB: tuberculosis; VDRL: Venereal disease research laboratory; WHO: World Health Organization. *Teff (Eragrostis tef) is a gluten-free cereal traditionally grown in Ethiopia [25]. **Khat (Catha edulis) is a plant native to the Horn of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula which contains psychoactive substances that have a high abuse potential [26]