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Table 6 Summary of results from six febrile illness studies from India, 2007–2017

From: Dengue, chikungunya, and scrub typhus are important etiologies of non-malarial febrile illness in Rourkela, Odisha, India

Study

Location and year

Population and sample size

Select tests and results

Results (n, %)

Chrispal 2010

Christian medical college, Vellore; 2007

≥16 years, febrile for 5–21 days,

N = 398

in-patients

1) Thin blood smear for malaria

2) Dengue IgM-IgG ELISA

3) Scrub typhus IgM ELISA

4) Blood culture or Typhidot for Salmonella

5) Leptospirosis IgM ELISA

6) Spotted fever IgM ELISA

7) Hantavirus IgM and IgG

Malaria (68, 17.1%)

Dengue (28, 7.0%)

Scrub typhus (189, 47.5%)

Enteric fever (32, 8.0%)

Leptospirosis (12, 3.0%)

Spotted fever (7, 1.8%)

Hantavirus (1, 0.3%)

Mittal 2015

Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Dehradun,

Dec 2012- Nov 2013

>  18 years, febrile for 5–14 days,

N = 2547

in-patients

1) Malaria microscopy, RDT

2) Scrub typhus IgM ELISA

3) Dengue NS1/ IgM RDT

4) Leptospira IgM RDT

5) Widal Ag kit for Salmonella

6) Anti HEV IgM EIA

7) Anti HAV IgM EIA

Malaria (175, 6.8%);

Scrub typhus (367, 14.4%);

Dengue (956, 37.5%);

Leptospirosis (0.14%);

Enteric fever (424, 16.5%);

Hepatitis A (1.9%);

Hepatitis E (1.4%);

Undetermined 11%.

Mixed infections (48, 1.9%)

Abhilash 2016

Christian medical college, Vellore; Oct 2012- Sep 2013

≥16 years, febrile for 3–14 days,

N = 1258

Both in-patients and out-patients

1) Thin blood smear for malaria

2) Dengue IgM-IgG ELISA

3) Scrub typhus IgM ELISA

4) Blood culture for Salmonella, Widal

5) Leptospirosis IgM ELISA

Malaria (131, 10.4%)

Dengue (386, 30.6%)

Scrub typhus (452, 35.9%)

Enteric fever (47, 3.7%)

Leptospirosis (8, 0.6%)

Undetermined (220, 17.4%)

Morch 2017

7 hospitals in India,

April 2011- Nov 2012

≥5 years,

N = 1564,

in-patients

1) Malaria PCR, RDT, microscopy

2) Dengue RDT, IgM ELISA

3) chikungunya IgM ELISA

4) Leptospirosis IgM ELISA

5) Scrub typhus IgM ELISA

6) Blood culture for bacterial infections

Malaria (268, 17%)

Dengue (244, 16%)

chikungunya (98, 6%)

Leptospirosis (116, 7%)

Scrub typhus (159, 10%)

Bacteremia (124, 8%)

Robinson 2018

BJ Medical College, Pune; 2013–2015

> 6 months, fever or complaint of fever,

N = 1725

in-patients

1) Malaria RDT, microscopy

2) Dengue NS1 ELISA, IgM

3) chikungunya IgM RDT

4) Influenza RDT

5) Leptospirosis IgM

Malaria (102, 6%)

Dengue (252, 15%)

chikungunya (35, 2%)

Influenza (13, 0.8%)

Leptospirosis (18, 1%)

Mixed mosquito borne infections (23, 1%)

Undetermined (965, 56%)

MCVR report 2017

27 hospital-based sentinel sites, June 2014–July 2017

N = 27,586

in-patients

1) PCR for Influenza

2) Dengue IgM, IgG ELISA, PCR

3) Scrub typhus IgM ELISA and PCR

4) Leptospirosis IgM ELISA, PCR, MAT

5) Malaria RDT, PCR

6) chikungunya IgM ELISA, PCR

Influenza (4118, 15%)

Dengue (1898, 7%)

Scrub typhus (1177, 4%)

Leptospirosis (1107, 4%)

Malaria (953, 3%)

chikungunya (371, 1%)