Table 1 Review of 26 previously published primary infective endocarditis cases caused by Actinomyces species
Author | Year | Sex | Age | Duration of symptoms | Valve(s) | Predisposing factor(s) | Organism | Diagnosis | Therapy | Complication | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uhr [5] | 1939 | M | 24 | 1 month | MV, AV | None | Actinomyces bovis | Autopsy | Sodium iodide | Septic emboli (lungs, small intestine, kidneys) | Died |
Beamer [6] | 1945 | M | 55 | 9 months | MV, AV | Dental caries | Actinomyces graminis | Autopsy | None | Septic emboli (spleen, kidneys, brain) | Died |
Mac Neal [7] | 1946 | M | 39 | 6 weeks | MV | Heart murmur | Actinomyces septicus | Clinical | PCN | Septic emboli (skin, mucosa, brain) | Survived |
Wedding [8] | 1947 | M | 37 | NA | MV | Rheumatic heart | Actinomyces spp. | Clinical | Sulfathiazole | Septic emboli (spleen, ileum, kidneys, mucosa, brain) | Died |
Wedding [8] | 1947 | F | 71 | NA | AV | Rheumatic heart | Actinomyces spp. | Autopsy | None | NA | Died |
Walters [9] | 1962 | F | 43 | 2 months | MV | Rheumatic heart. Dental caries | Actinomyces bovis | Clinical | PCN | Septic embolic (mesentery, skin) | Survived |
Dutton [10] | 1968 | M | 6 | NA | MV | Rheumatic heart | Actinomyces israelii | Autopsy | PCN | CHF. Arrhythmia | Died |
Gutschik [11] | 1976 | M | 70 | 5 months | Left side | Dental abscess | Actinomyces viscosus | Clinical | PCN | Aphasia. Diplopia. CHF | Survived |
Lam [12] | 1993 | M | 65 | 4 weeks | MV, AV | Rheumatic heart. Endocarditis history | Actinomyces israelii | Clinical | PCN | None | Survived |
Moffatt [13] | 1996 | M | 48 | >  2 weeks | AV | None | Actinomyces meyeri | Clinical and surgical | PCN. Surgery | CHF. Aortic root abscess | Survived |
Hamed [14] | 1998 | M | 81 | 2–3 weeks | AV | Poor dental hygiene | Actinomyces viscosus | Clinical | PCN allergy. Ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone | None | Survived |
Huang [15] | 1998 | F | 55 | NA | MV | None | Actinomyces meyeri | Clinical | Ampicillin/sulbactam | None | Survived |
Mardis [16] | 2001 | M | 38 | 2 weeks | MV | None | Actinomyces viscosus | Clinical | Vancomycin/gentamicin/cefotaxime ➔ PCN | Cutaneous emboli | Survived |
Westling [17] | 2002 | F | 40 | 2 weeks | TV | IVDU. Endocarditis history | Actinomyces funkei | Clinical | Cefuroxime ➔ cefuroxime/ clindamycin/rifampicin ➔ ceftriaxone ➔ clindamycin | Pulmonary emboli | Survived |
Julian [18] | 2005 | F | 43 | 2 weeks | AV | Bicuspid AV. Dental cleaning | Actinomyces viscosus | Clinical | Ampicillin/azithromycin ➔ vancomycin/gentamicin/ceftriaxone ➔ surgery ➔ vancomycin/ceftriaxone | CHF | Survived |
Oh [19] | 2005 | M | 33 | 2 months | TV | IVDU. Dental procedure | Actinomyces odontolytica | Clinical | PCN/metronidazole | Pulmonary emboli | Survived |
Cohen [4] | 2007 | M | 68 | 3 weeks | AV | Bicuspid AV. Dental procedure | Actinomyces neuii | Clinical | Ampicillin/gentamicin/ceftriaxone ➔ ampicillin ➔ ceftriaxone ➔ doxycycline | Aortic root abscess | Survived |
Oddo [20] | 2007 | M | 34 | NA | MV | Rheumatic heart. Endocarditis history | Actinomyces spp. | Autopsy | NA | Multi-organ failure | Died |
Jitmuang [21] | 2008 | M | 46 | 1 month | MV | None | Actinomyces georgiae | Clinical | PCN ➔ceftriaxone ➔ ampicillin ➔ amoxicillin | CHF | Survived |
Kennedy [22] | 2008 | F | 27 | 2 days | EV | IVDU. Endocarditis history | Actinomyces israelii | Clinical | Surgery. Unclear antibiotic | Pulmonary emboli | Unclear |
Adalja [23] | 2010 | M | 87 | 2 months | MV | Dental cleaning | Actinomyces israelii | Clinical | PCN | None | Survived |
Grundmann [24] | 2010 | M | 66 | 2 months | PAV | Prosthetics | Actinomyces neuii | Clinical | PCN/meropenem/erythromycin ➔ PCN ➔ amoxicillin. No surgery | Aortic root abscess | Survived |
Mehrzad [25] | 2013 | M | 49 | NA | TV | IVDU | Actinomyces spp. | Clinical | Vancomycin/ceftriaxone,/ciprofloxacin/metronidazole | Septic emboli (lungs, skin, spleen). Glomerulonephritis. | Survived |
Morgan [26] | 2014 | M | 67 | 6 weeks | PAV | Prosthetics. Dental cleaning | Actinomyces naeslundii | Clinical | Ceftriaxone | Arrhythmia. Septic shock | Died |
Cortes [27] | 2015 | F | 51 | 2 months | PAV | Prosthetics. Dental implant | Actinomyces naeslundii | Clinical | Ceftriaxone ➔ ertapenem ➔ amoxicillin | Roth spots. | Survived |
Toom [28] | 2018 | F | 55 | 8 months | MV, AV | HOCM with LVOT obstruction | Actinomyces israelii | Clinical | PCN | Severe hemolytic anemia | Survived |