Table 3 Heterogeneity assessment summary by using sensitivity and subgroup analysis

Overall

22

29.1%(14.6–43.6)

99.7%

< 0.00001

Sensitivity analysis by removing one study large sample

21

26%(19.9–32.1)

97.5%

< 0.00001

Sub region of Africa

22

 Central Africa

2

10.5%(3–17.9)

93.1

< 0.00001

 East Africa

8

35%(21.7–48.3)

98.1

< 0.00001

 North Africa

4

50%(4.4–95.6)

99.8%

< 0.00001

 West Africa

8

16.4 (11.4–21.4)

89.2%

< 0.0001

 Burkina Faso

2

11.1%(7.9–14.3

0

0.754

 Egypt

3

63%(37–89)

97.8%

< 0.0001

 Ethiopia

3

44 (31.4–57)

95.4%

< 0.0001

 Gabon

2

10.5%(3–18)

93.1%

< 0.0001

 Ghana

2

20%(4–36)

94.3%

< 0.0001

 Nigeria

2

25.5 (5.6–56.6)

97.3%

< 0.0001

 Sudan

3

37.9%(6–69.5)

97.9%

< 0.0001

 Others

5

13.8%(8.9–18.9)

85.3%

< 0.0001

 1993–2008

3

52.4%(.3–105)

99.9%

< 0.0001

 2009–2015

9

27.9%(18.3–37.4)

96.6%

< 0.0001

 2016–2018

10

22.4%(13.3–31.5)

97.8%

< 0.0001

 > 200

14

29 (9.6–48.4)

99.8%

< 0.0001

 < 200

8

28.8%(17.8–39.8)

97%

< 0.0001

 Dia.Pro

2

14%(9.5–18.4)

50.1%

0.157

 Euroimmun

3

32.3 (6–59)

97.8%

< 0.0001

 Wanti

2

37.2 (26.5–47.7)

92.8%

< 0.0001

 TMB

2

10.5 (3–17.9)

93.1

< 0.0001

 Intena.immuno.diag

2

34.8 (22–47.5)

79%

< 0.029

 Others

10

31.9%(6.9–56.9)

99.8

< 0.0001